fix: agent runtime duplication

app/drizzle/20260416123510_supreme_stone_men/migration.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ALTER TABLE `volumes_table` ADD `agent_id` text DEFAULT 'local' NOT NULL;--> statement-breakpoint
+CREATE INDEX `volumes_table_agent_id_idx` ON `volumes_table` (`agent_id`);

app/drizzle/20260505165117_early_purple_man/migration.sql

@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ CREATE TABLE `agents_table` (
 );
 --> statement-breakpoint
 CREATE INDEX `agents_table_organization_id_idx` ON `agents_table` (`organization_id`);--> statement-breakpoint
-CREATE INDEX `agents_table_status_idx` ON `agents_table` (`status`);
+CREATE INDEX `agents_table_status_idx` ON `agents_table` (`status`);

app/server/db/schema.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import type { BackupWebhooks } from "@zerobyte/core/backup-hooks";
 import type { BackendConfig, BackendStatus, BackendType } from "~/schemas/volumes";
 import type { NotificationConfig, NotificationType } from "~/schemas/notifications";
 import type { ShortId } from "~/server/utils/branded";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "../modules/agents/constants";
 
 /**
  * Users Table
@@ -253,12 +254,14 @@ export const volumesTable = sqliteTable(
 			.default(sql`(unixepoch() * 1000)`),
 		config: text("config", { mode: "json" }).$type<BackendConfig>().notNull(),
 		autoRemount: int("auto_remount", { mode: "boolean" }).notNull().default(true),
+		agentId: text("agent_id").notNull().default(LOCAL_AGENT_ID),
 		organizationId: text("organization_id")
 			.notNull()
 			.references(() => organization.id, { onDelete: "cascade" }),
 	},
 	(table) => [
 		unique().on(table.name, table.organizationId),
+		index("volumes_table_agent_id_idx").on(table.agentId),
 		uniqueIndex("volumes_table_org_provisioning_id_uidx").on(table.organizationId, table.provisioningId),
 	],
 );

app/server/jobs/__tests__/cleanup-dangling.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import { afterEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+import { config } from "../../core/config";
+import { CleanupDanglingMountsJob } from "../cleanup-dangling";
+import * as mountinfo from "../../utils/mountinfo";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+	config.flags.enableLocalAgent = true;
+	vi.restoreAllMocks();
+});
+
+test("skips controller-local mount inspection when local volume execution is agent-owned", async () => {
+	config.flags.enableLocalAgent = true;
+	const readMountInfo = vi.spyOn(mountinfo, "readMountInfo");
+
+	await new CleanupDanglingMountsJob().run();
+
+	expect(readMountInfo).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+});

app/server/jobs/cleanup-dangling.ts

@@ -5,14 +5,21 @@ import { volumeService } from "../modules/volumes/volume.service";
 import { readMountInfo } from "../utils/mountinfo";
 import { getVolumePath } from "../modules/volumes/helpers";
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { executeUnmount } from "../modules/backends/utils/backend-utils";
+import { executeUnmount } from "../../../apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/utils";
 import { toMessage } from "../utils/errors";
 import { VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE } from "../core/constants";
 import { db } from "../db/db";
 import { withContext } from "../core/request-context";
+import { config } from "../core/config";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "../modules/agents/constants";
 
 export class CleanupDanglingMountsJob extends Job {
 	async run() {
+		if (config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+			logger.debug("Skipping controller-local dangling mount cleanup because local volume execution is agent-owned.");
+			return { done: true, timestamp: new Date() };
+		}
+
 		const organizations = await db.query.organization.findMany({});
 		if (organizations.length === 0) {
 			logger.warn("No organizations found; skipping dangling mount cleanup to avoid false positives.");
@@ -22,7 +29,7 @@ export class CleanupDanglingMountsJob extends Job {
 		const allVolumes = [];
 		for (const org of organizations) {
 			const volumes = await withContext({ organizationId: org.id }, async () => volumeService.listVolumes());
-			allVolumes.push(...volumes);
+			allVolumes.push(...volumes.filter((volume) => volume.agentId === LOCAL_AGENT_ID));
 		}
 
 		const allSystemMounts = await readMountInfo();

app/server/modules/agents/__tests__/agents-manager.backups.test.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { fromAny, fromPartial } from "@total-typescript/shoehorn";
 import { Effect } from "effect";
 import { agentManager, type ProcessWithAgentRuntime } from "../agents-manager";
 import type { AgentManagerRuntime } from "../controller/server";
-import type { BackupRunPayload } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
+import type { BackupRunPayload, VolumeCommand } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
 
 const setAgentRuntime = (agentManagerRuntime: Partial<AgentManagerRuntime> | null) => {
 	(process as ProcessWithAgentRuntime).__zerobyteAgentRuntime = {
@@ -46,3 +46,32 @@ test("cancelBackup resolves a running backup when the cancel command cannot be d
 		scheduleId: "schedule-1",
 	});
 });
+
+test("runVolumeCommand sends the command to the selected agent", async () => {
+	const runVolumeCommand = vi.fn(() =>
+		Effect.succeed({
+			commandId: "command-1",
+			status: "success" as const,
+			command: { name: "volume.mount" as const, result: { status: "mounted" as const } },
+		}),
+	);
+	setAgentRuntime({ runVolumeCommand });
+
+	const command = fromPartial<VolumeCommand>({ name: "volume.mount", volume: { agentId: "agent-1" } });
+
+	await expect(agentManager.runVolumeCommand("agent-1", command)).resolves.toEqual({
+		name: "volume.mount",
+		result: { status: "mounted" },
+	});
+	expect(runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenCalledWith("agent-1", command);
+});
+
+test("runVolumeCommand fails when the selected agent is unavailable", async () => {
+	setAgentRuntime(null);
+
+	const command = fromPartial<VolumeCommand>({ name: "volume.mount", volume: { agentId: "agent-1" } });
+
+	await expect(agentManager.runVolumeCommand("agent-1", command)).rejects.toThrow(
+		"Volume agent agent-1 is not connected",
+	);
+});

app/server/modules/agents/agents-manager.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import type { BackupRunPayload } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
+import type { BackupRunPayload, VolumeCommand, VolumeCommandResult } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
 import { Effect } from "effect";
 import { config } from "../../core/config";
 import { createAgentManagerRuntime, type AgentManagerEvent } from "./controller/server";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "./constants";
 import { spawnLocalAgentProcess, stopLocalAgentProcess } from "./local/process";
-import type { BackupExecutionProgress, BackupExecutionResult } from "./helpers/runtime-state";
-import { createAgentRuntimeState } from "./helpers/runtime-state";
+import {
+	createAgentRuntimeState,
+	type AgentRuntimeState,
+	type BackupExecutionProgress,
+	type BackupExecutionResult,
+} from "./helpers/runtime-state";
 import { getDevAgentRuntimeState } from "./helpers/runtime-state.dev";
 export type { BackupExecutionProgress, BackupExecutionResult } from "./helpers/runtime-state";
 export type { ProcessWithAgentRuntime } from "./helpers/runtime-state.dev";
 
-const productionRuntimeState = createAgentRuntimeState();
+type ProcessWithProductionAgentRuntime = NodeJS.Process & {
+	__zerobyteProductionAgentRuntime?: AgentRuntimeState;
+};
 
 type AgentRunBackupRequest = {
 	scheduleId: number;
@@ -19,7 +26,18 @@ type AgentRunBackupRequest = {
 	onProgress: (progress: BackupExecutionProgress) => void;
 };
 
-const getAgentRuntimeState = () => (config.__prod__ ? productionRuntimeState : getDevAgentRuntimeState());
+const getProductionAgentRuntimeState = () => {
+	// Nitro production builds can bundle startup plugins and API handlers into separate chunks.
+	// Keep the live controller on process so both chunks see the same agent sessions.
+	const runtimeProcess = process as ProcessWithProductionAgentRuntime;
+	if (!runtimeProcess.__zerobyteProductionAgentRuntime) {
+		runtimeProcess.__zerobyteProductionAgentRuntime = createAgentRuntimeState();
+	}
+
+	return runtimeProcess.__zerobyteProductionAgentRuntime;
+};
+
+const getAgentRuntimeState = () => (config.__prod__ ? getProductionAgentRuntimeState() : getDevAgentRuntimeState());
 const getAgentManagerRuntime = () => getAgentRuntimeState().agentManager;
 const getActiveBackupsByScheduleId = () => getAgentRuntimeState().activeBackupsByScheduleId;
 const getActiveBackupScheduleIdsByJobId = () => getAgentRuntimeState().activeBackupScheduleIdsByJobId;
@@ -266,10 +284,36 @@ export const agentManager = {
 	cancelBackup: async (agentId: string, scheduleId: number) => {
 		return requestBackupCancellation(agentId, scheduleId);
 	},
+	runVolumeCommand: async (agentId: string, command: VolumeCommand): Promise<VolumeCommandResult> => {
+		const runtime = getAgentManagerRuntime();
+		if (!runtime) {
+			throw new Error(`Volume agent ${agentId} is not connected`);
+		}
+
+		const response = await Effect.runPromise(runtime.runVolumeCommand(agentId, command));
+		if (!response) {
+			throw new Error(`Failed to send volume command ${command.name} to agent ${agentId}`);
+		}
+
+		if (response.status === "error") {
+			throw new Error(response.error);
+		}
+
+		return response.command;
+	},
 };
 
 export const startLocalAgent = async () => {
-	await spawnLocalAgentProcess(getAgentRuntimeState());
+	const runtime = getAgentRuntimeState();
+	await spawnLocalAgentProcess(runtime);
+
+	if (!runtime.agentManager) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (!(await runtime.agentManager.waitForAgentReady(LOCAL_AGENT_ID))) {
+		throw new Error("Local agent did not become ready before startup");
+	}
 };
 
 // fallow-ignore-next-line unused-export

app/server/modules/agents/controller/server.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 import { Data, Effect, Exit, Fiber, Scope } from "effect";
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
 import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
-import type { AgentMessage, BackupCancelPayload, BackupRunPayload } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
+import type {
+	AgentMessage,
+	BackupCancelPayload,
+	BackupRunPayload,
+	VolumeCommand,
+	VolumeCommandResponsePayload,
+} from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
 import {
 	createControllerAgentSession,
 	type AgentConnectionData,
@@ -40,6 +46,7 @@ class StopAgentManagerServerError extends Data.TaggedError("StopAgentManagerServ
 export function createAgentManagerRuntime(onEvent: (event: AgentManagerEvent) => void) {
 	let sessions = new Map<string, ControllerAgentSessionHandle>();
 	let runtimeScope: Scope.CloseableScope | null = null;
+	const sleep = (ms: number) => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
 
 	const closeSession = (sessionHandle: ControllerAgentSessionHandle) =>
 		Effect.gen(function* () {
@@ -73,6 +80,11 @@ export function createAgentManagerRuntime(onEvent: (event: AgentManagerEvent) =>
 	const getSessionHandle = (agentId: string) => sessions.get(agentId);
 	const getSession = (agentId: string) => getSessionHandle(agentId)?.session;
 
+	const isAgentReady = (agentId: string) => {
+		const session = getSession(agentId);
+		return !!session && Effect.runSync(session.isReady());
+	};
+
 	const handleSessionEvent = (params: { agentId: string; agentName: string; sessionId: string }) => {
 		const { agentId, agentName } = params;
 
@@ -284,6 +296,19 @@ export function createAgentManagerRuntime(onEvent: (event: AgentManagerEvent) =>
 
 	return {
 		start,
+		waitForAgentReady: async (agentId: string, timeoutMs = 10_000) => {
+			const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs;
+
+			while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+				if (isAgentReady(agentId)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				await sleep(50);
+			}
+
+			return isAgentReady(agentId);
+		},
 		sendBackup: (agentId: string, payload: BackupRunPayload) =>
 			Effect.gen(function* () {
 				const session = getSession(agentId);
@@ -319,10 +344,30 @@ export function createAgentManagerRuntime(onEvent: (event: AgentManagerEvent) =>
 					logger.warn(`Cannot cancel backup command. Agent ${agentId} is no longer accepting commands.`);
 					return false;
 				}
-
 				logger.info(`Sent backup cancel for command ${payload.jobId} to agent ${agentId}`);
 				return true;
 			}),
+		runVolumeCommand: (
+			agentId: string,
+			command: VolumeCommand,
+		): Effect.Effect<VolumeCommandResponsePayload | null, Error> =>
+			Effect.gen(function* () {
+				const session = getSession(agentId);
+
+				if (!session) {
+					yield* logger.effect.warn(`Cannot send volume command ${command.name}. Agent ${agentId} is not connected.`);
+					return null;
+				}
+
+				if (!(yield* session.isReady())) {
+					yield* logger.effect.warn(`Cannot send volume command ${command.name}. Agent ${agentId} is not ready.`);
+					return null;
+				}
+
+				const result = yield* session.runVolumeCommand(command);
+				yield* logger.effect.info(`Completed volume command ${command.name} on agent ${agentId}`);
+				return result;
+			}),
 		stop,
 	};
 }

app/server/modules/agents/controller/session.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import {
 	type BackupCancelPayload,
 	type BackupRunPayload,
 	type ControllerWireMessage,
+	type VolumeCommand,
+	type VolumeCommandResponsePayload,
 } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
 import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
@@ -27,13 +29,24 @@ type SessionState = {
 	lastPongAt: number | null;
 };
 
-export type ControllerAgentSessionEvent = AgentMessage | { type: "agent.disconnected" };
+type PendingVolumeCommand = {
+	resolve: (payload: VolumeCommandResponsePayload) => void;
+	reject: (error: Error) => void;
+	timeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>;
+};
+
+export type ControllerAgentSessionEvent =
+	| Exclude<AgentMessage, { type: "volume.commandResult" }>
+	| {
+			type: "agent.disconnected";
+	  };
 
 export type ControllerAgentSession = {
 	readonly connectionId: string;
 	handleMessage: (data: string) => Effect.Effect<void>;
 	sendBackup: (payload: BackupRunPayload) => Effect.Effect<boolean>;
 	sendBackupCancel: (payload: BackupCancelPayload) => Effect.Effect<boolean>;
+	runVolumeCommand: (command: VolumeCommand) => Effect.Effect<VolumeCommandResponsePayload, Error>;
 	isReady: () => Effect.Effect<boolean>;
 	run: Effect.Effect<void, never, Scope.Scope>;
 };
@@ -45,6 +58,7 @@ export const createControllerAgentSession = (
 	Effect.gen(function* () {
 		let isClosed = false;
 		const outboundQueue = yield* Queue.bounded<ControllerWireMessage>(64);
+		const pendingVolumeCommands = new Map<string, PendingVolumeCommand>();
 		const state = yield* Ref.make<SessionState>({
 			isReady: false,
 			lastSeenAt: null,
@@ -63,9 +77,18 @@ export const createControllerAgentSession = (
 
 		const updateState = (update: (current: SessionState) => SessionState) => Ref.update(state, update);
 
+		const rejectPendingVolumeCommands = () => {
+			for (const [commandId, pending] of pendingVolumeCommands) {
+				clearTimeout(pending.timeout);
+				pending.reject(new Error(`Agent session closed before volume command ${commandId} completed`));
+			}
+			pendingVolumeCommands.clear();
+		};
+
 		const releaseSession = Effect.gen(function* () {
 			const disconnectedAt = Date.now();
 			yield* updateState((current) => ({ ...current, isReady: false, lastSeenAt: disconnectedAt }));
+			yield* Effect.sync(rejectPendingVolumeCommands);
 			yield* onEvent({ type: "agent.disconnected" });
 
 			yield* Queue.shutdown(outboundQueue);
@@ -129,20 +152,43 @@ export const createControllerAgentSession = (
 			return yield* Effect.never;
 		});
 
+		const handleVolumeCommandResult = (payload: VolumeCommandResponsePayload) => {
+			const pending = pendingVolumeCommands.get(payload.commandId);
+			if (!pending) {
+				logger.warn(`Received response for unknown volume command ${payload.commandId}`);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			pendingVolumeCommands.delete(payload.commandId);
+			clearTimeout(pending.timeout);
+			pending.resolve(payload);
+		};
+
 		const handleAgentMessage = (message: AgentMessage) =>
 			Effect.gen(function* () {
-				if (message.type === "agent.ready") {
-					const readyAt = Date.now();
-					yield* updateState((current) => ({ ...current, isReady: true, lastSeenAt: readyAt }));
-					yield* logger.effect.info(`Agent "${socket.data.agentName}" (${socket.data.agentId}) is ready`);
+				switch (message.type) {
+					case "agent.ready": {
+						const readyAt = Date.now();
+						yield* updateState((current) => ({ ...current, isReady: true, lastSeenAt: readyAt }));
+						yield* logger.effect.info(`Agent "${socket.data.agentName}" (${socket.data.agentId}) is ready`);
+						yield* onEvent(message);
+						break;
+					}
+					case "heartbeat.pong": {
+						const seenAt = Date.now();
+						yield* updateState((current) => ({ ...current, lastSeenAt: seenAt, lastPongAt: message.payload.sentAt }));
+						yield* onEvent(message);
+						break;
+					}
+					case "volume.commandResult": {
+						yield* Effect.sync(() => handleVolumeCommandResult(message.payload));
+						break;
+					}
+					default: {
+						yield* onEvent(message);
+						break;
+					}
 				}
-
-				if (message.type === "heartbeat.pong") {
-					const seenAt = Date.now();
-					yield* updateState((current) => ({ ...current, lastSeenAt: seenAt, lastPongAt: message.payload.sentAt }));
-				}
-
-				yield* onEvent(message);
 			});
 
 		return {
@@ -166,6 +212,37 @@ export const createControllerAgentSession = (
 			},
 			sendBackup: (payload) => offerOutbound(createControllerMessage("backup.run", payload)),
 			sendBackupCancel: (payload) => offerOutbound(createControllerMessage("backup.cancel", payload)),
+			runVolumeCommand: (command) => {
+				return Effect.tryPromise({
+					try: async () => {
+						const commandId = Bun.randomUUIDv7();
+						const response = new Promise<VolumeCommandResponsePayload>((resolve, reject) => {
+							const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+								pendingVolumeCommands.delete(commandId);
+								reject(new Error(`Volume command ${command.name} timed out`));
+							}, 60_000);
+
+							pendingVolumeCommands.set(commandId, { resolve, reject, timeout });
+						});
+
+						const queued = await Effect.runPromise(
+							offerOutbound(createControllerMessage("volume.command", { commandId, command })),
+						);
+
+						if (!queued) {
+							const pending = pendingVolumeCommands.get(commandId);
+							if (pending) {
+								clearTimeout(pending.timeout);
+								pendingVolumeCommands.delete(commandId);
+							}
+							throw new Error(`Failed to queue volume command ${command.name}`);
+						}
+
+						return response;
+					},
+					catch: (error) => (error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(toMessage(error))),
+				});
+			},
 			isReady: () => Ref.get(state).pipe(Effect.map((current) => current.isReady)),
 			run,
 		};

app/server/modules/backends/backend.ts

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-import type { BackendStatus } from "~/schemas/volumes";
-import type { Volume } from "../../db/schema";
-import { getVolumePath } from "../volumes/helpers";
-import { makeDirectoryBackend } from "./directory/directory-backend";
-import { makeNfsBackend } from "./nfs/nfs-backend";
-import { makeRcloneBackend } from "./rclone/rclone-backend";
-import { makeSmbBackend } from "./smb/smb-backend";
-import { makeWebdavBackend } from "./webdav/webdav-backend";
-import { makeSftpBackend } from "./sftp/sftp-backend";
-
-type OperationResult = {
-	error?: string;
-	status: BackendStatus;
-};
-
-export type VolumeBackend = {
-	mount: () => Promise<OperationResult>;
-	unmount: () => Promise<OperationResult>;
-	checkHealth: () => Promise<OperationResult>;
-};
-
-export const createVolumeBackend = (volume: Volume, mountPath = getVolumePath(volume)): VolumeBackend => {
-	switch (volume.config.backend) {
-		case "nfs": {
-			return makeNfsBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
-		}
-		case "smb": {
-			return makeSmbBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
-		}
-		case "directory": {
-			return makeDirectoryBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
-		}
-		case "webdav": {
-			return makeWebdavBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
-		}
-		case "rclone": {
-			return makeRcloneBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
-		}
-		case "sftp": {
-			return makeSftpBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
-		}
-		default: {
-			throw new Error("Unsupported backend");
-		}
-	}
-};

app/server/modules/backends/nfs/nfs-backend.ts

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as os from "node:os";
-import { BACKEND_STATUS, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
-import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT } from "../../../core/constants";
-import { toMessage } from "../../../utils/errors";
-import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { getMountForPath } from "../../../utils/mountinfo";
-import { withTimeout } from "../../../utils/timeout";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../backend";
-import { assertMounted, executeMount, executeUnmount } from "../utils/backend-utils";
-
-const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, path: string) => {
-	logger.debug(`Mounting volume ${path}...`);
-
-	if (config.backend !== "nfs") {
-		logger.error("Provided config is not for NFS backend");
-		return {
-			status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-			error: "Provided config is not for NFS backend",
-		};
-	}
-
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("NFS mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return {
-			status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-			error: "NFS mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.",
-		};
-	}
-
-	const { status } = await checkHealth(path);
-	if (status === "mounted") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	}
-
-	if (status === "error") {
-		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${path} before mounting...`);
-		await unmount(path);
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		await fs.mkdir(path, { recursive: true });
-
-		const source = `${config.server}:${config.exportPath}`;
-		const options = [`vers=${config.version}`, `port=${config.port}`];
-		if (config.version === "3") {
-			options.push("nolock");
-		}
-		if (config.readOnly) {
-			options.push("ro");
-		}
-		const args = ["-t", "nfs", "-o", options.join(","), source, path];
-
-		logger.debug(`Mounting volume ${path}...`);
-		logger.info(`Executing mount: mount ${args.join(" ")}`);
-
-		try {
-			await executeMount(args);
-		} catch (error) {
-			logger.warn(`Initial NFS mount failed, retrying with -i flag: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-			// Fallback with -i flag if the first mount fails using the mount helper
-			await executeMount(["-i", ...args]);
-		}
-
-		logger.info(`NFS volume at ${path} mounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "NFS mount");
-	} catch (err) {
-		logger.error("Error mounting NFS volume", { error: toMessage(err) });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(err) };
-	}
-};
-
-const unmount = async (path: string) => {
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("NFS unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return {
-			status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-			error: "NFS unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.",
-		};
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		const mount = await getMountForPath(path);
-		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== path) {
-			logger.debug(`Path ${path} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
-			return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-		}
-
-		await executeUnmount(path);
-
-		await fs.rmdir(path).catch(() => {});
-
-		logger.info(`NFS volume at ${path} unmounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "NFS unmount");
-	} catch (err) {
-		logger.error("Error unmounting NFS volume", {
-			path,
-			error: toMessage(err),
-		});
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(err) };
-	}
-};
-
-const checkHealth = async (path: string) => {
-	const run = async () => {
-		await assertMounted(path, (fstype) => fstype.startsWith("nfs"));
-
-		logger.debug(`NFS volume at ${path} is healthy and mounted.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "NFS health check");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const message = toMessage(error);
-		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
-			logger.error("NFS volume health check failed:", message);
-		}
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: message };
-	}
-};
-
-export const makeNfsBackend = (config: BackendConfig, path: string): VolumeBackend => ({
-	mount: () => mount(config, path),
-	unmount: () => unmount(path),
-	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(path),
-});

app/server/modules/backends/rclone/rclone-backend.ts

@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as os from "node:os";
-import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT, RCLONE_CONFIG_FILE } from "../../../core/constants";
-import { toMessage } from "../../../utils/errors";
-import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { getMountForPath } from "../../../utils/mountinfo";
-import { withTimeout } from "../../../utils/timeout";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../backend";
-import { assertMounted, executeUnmount } from "../utils/backend-utils";
-import { BACKEND_STATUS, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
-import { safeExec } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { config as zbConfig } from "~/server/core/config";
-
-const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, path: string) => {
-	logger.debug(`Mounting rclone volume ${path}...`);
-
-	if (config.backend !== "rclone") {
-		logger.error("Provided config is not for rclone backend");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Provided config is not for rclone backend" };
-	}
-
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("Rclone mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Rclone mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const { status } = await checkHealth(path);
-	if (status === "mounted") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	}
-
-	if (status === "error") {
-		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${path} before mounting...`);
-		await unmount(path);
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		await fs.mkdir(path, { recursive: true });
-
-		const remotePath = `${config.remote}:${config.path}`;
-		const args = ["mount", remotePath, path, "--daemon"];
-
-		if (config.readOnly) {
-			args.push("--read-only");
-		}
-
-		args.push("--vfs-cache-mode", "writes");
-		args.push("--allow-non-empty");
-		args.push("--allow-other");
-
-		logger.debug(`Mounting rclone volume ${path}...`);
-		logger.info(`Executing rclone: rclone ${args.join(" ")}`);
-
-		const result = await safeExec({
-			command: "rclone",
-			args,
-			env: { RCLONE_CONFIG: RCLONE_CONFIG_FILE },
-			timeout: zbConfig.serverIdleTimeout * 1000,
-		});
-
-		if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
-			const errorMsg = result.stderr.toString() || result.stdout.toString() || "Unknown error";
-			throw new Error(`Failed to mount rclone volume: ${errorMsg}`);
-		}
-
-		logger.info(`Rclone volume at ${path} mounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), zbConfig.serverIdleTimeout * 1000, "Rclone mount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const errorMsg = toMessage(error);
-
-		logger.error("Error mounting rclone volume", { error: errorMsg });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: errorMsg };
-	}
-};
-
-const unmount = async (path: string) => {
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("Rclone unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Rclone unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		const mount = await getMountForPath(path);
-		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== path) {
-			logger.debug(`Path ${path} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
-			return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-		}
-
-		await executeUnmount(path);
-		await fs.rmdir(path).catch(() => {});
-
-		logger.info(`Rclone volume at ${path} unmounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "Rclone unmount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error("Error unmounting rclone volume", { path, error: toMessage(error) });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
-	}
-};
-
-const checkHealth = async (path: string) => {
-	const run = async () => {
-		await assertMounted(path, (fstype) => fstype.includes("rclone"));
-
-		logger.debug(`Rclone volume at ${path} is healthy and mounted.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "Rclone health check");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const message = toMessage(error);
-		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
-			logger.error("Rclone volume health check failed:", message);
-		}
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: message };
-	}
-};
-
-export const makeRcloneBackend = (config: BackendConfig, path: string): VolumeBackend => ({
-	mount: () => mount(config, path),
-	unmount: () => unmount(path),
-	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(path),
-});

app/server/modules/backends/sftp/sftp-backend.ts

@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as os from "node:os";
-import * as path from "node:path";
-import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
-import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT, SSH_KEYS_DIR } from "../../../core/constants";
-import { cryptoUtils } from "../../../utils/crypto";
-import { toMessage } from "../../../utils/errors";
-import { logger, FILE_MODES, writeFileWithMode } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { getMountForPath } from "../../../utils/mountinfo";
-import { withTimeout } from "../../../utils/timeout";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../backend";
-import { executeUnmount } from "../utils/backend-utils";
-import { BACKEND_STATUS, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
-
-const getPrivateKeyPath = (mountPath: string) => {
-	const name = path.basename(mountPath);
-	return path.join(SSH_KEYS_DIR, `${name}.key`);
-};
-
-const getKnownHostsPath = (mountPath: string) => {
-	const name = path.basename(mountPath);
-	return path.join(SSH_KEYS_DIR, `${name}.known_hosts`);
-};
-
-const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string) => {
-	logger.debug(`Mounting SFTP volume ${mountPath}...`);
-
-	if (config.backend !== "sftp") {
-		logger.error("Provided config is not for SFTP backend");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Provided config is not for SFTP backend" };
-	}
-
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("SFTP mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "SFTP mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const { status } = await checkHealth(mountPath);
-	if (status === "mounted") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	}
-
-	if (status === "error") {
-		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${mountPath} before mounting...`);
-		await unmount(mountPath);
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		await fs.mkdir(mountPath, { recursive: true });
-		await fs.mkdir(SSH_KEYS_DIR, { recursive: true });
-
-		const { uid, gid } = os.userInfo();
-		const options = [
-			"reconnect",
-			"ServerAliveInterval=15",
-			"ServerAliveCountMax=3",
-			"allow_other",
-			`uid=${uid}`,
-			`gid=${gid}`,
-		];
-
-		if (config.skipHostKeyCheck) {
-			options.push("StrictHostKeyChecking=no", "UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null");
-		} else if (config.knownHosts) {
-			const knownHostsPath = getKnownHostsPath(mountPath);
-			await writeFileWithMode(knownHostsPath, config.knownHosts, FILE_MODES.ownerReadWrite);
-			options.push(`UserKnownHostsFile=${knownHostsPath}`, "StrictHostKeyChecking=yes");
-		} else {
-			options.push("StrictHostKeyChecking=yes");
-		}
-
-		if (config.readOnly) {
-			options.push("ro");
-		}
-
-		if (config.port) {
-			options.push(`port=${config.port}`);
-		}
-
-		const keyPath = getPrivateKeyPath(mountPath);
-		if (config.privateKey) {
-			const decryptedKey = await cryptoUtils.resolveSecret(config.privateKey);
-			let normalizedKey = decryptedKey.replace(/\r\n/g, "\n");
-			if (!normalizedKey.endsWith("\n")) {
-				normalizedKey += "\n";
-			}
-			await writeFileWithMode(keyPath, normalizedKey, FILE_MODES.ownerReadWrite);
-			options.push(`IdentityFile=${keyPath}`);
-		}
-
-		const source = `${config.username}@${config.host}:${config.path || ""}`;
-		const args = [source, mountPath, "-o", options.join(",")];
-
-		logger.debug(`Mounting SFTP volume ${mountPath}...`);
-
-		const runSshfs = async (mountArgs: string[], password?: string) => {
-			return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
-				const child = spawn("sshfs", mountArgs, { stdio: ["pipe", "pipe", "pipe"] });
-				let stdout = "";
-				let stderr = "";
-
-				child.stdout.setEncoding("utf8");
-				child.stderr.setEncoding("utf8");
-
-				child.stdout.on("data", (data) => {
-					stdout += data;
-				});
-
-				child.stderr.on("data", (data) => {
-					stderr += data;
-				});
-
-				child.on("error", (error) => {
-					reject(new Error(`Failed to start sshfs: ${error.message}`));
-				});
-
-				child.on("close", (code) => {
-					if (code === 0) {
-						resolve();
-						return;
-					}
-
-					const errorMsg = stderr.trim() || stdout.trim() || "Unknown error";
-					reject(new Error(`Failed to mount SFTP volume: ${errorMsg}`));
-				});
-
-				if (password) {
-					child.stdin.write(password);
-				}
-				child.stdin.end();
-			});
-		};
-
-		if (config.password) {
-			const password = await cryptoUtils.resolveSecret(config.password);
-			args.push("-o", "password_stdin");
-			logger.info(`Executing sshfs: sshfs ${args.join(" ")}`);
-			await runSshfs(args, password);
-		} else {
-			logger.info(`Executing sshfs: sshfs ${args.join(" ")}`);
-			await runSshfs(args);
-		}
-
-		logger.info(`SFTP volume at ${mountPath} mounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT * 2, "SFTP mount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const errorMsg = toMessage(error);
-		logger.error("Error mounting SFTP volume", { error: errorMsg });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: errorMsg };
-	}
-};
-
-const unmount = async (mountPath: string) => {
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("SFTP unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "SFTP unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
-		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
-			logger.debug(`Path ${mountPath} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
-		} else {
-			await executeUnmount(mountPath);
-		}
-
-		const keyPath = getPrivateKeyPath(mountPath);
-		await fs.unlink(keyPath).catch(() => {});
-
-		const knownHostsPath = getKnownHostsPath(mountPath);
-		await fs.unlink(knownHostsPath).catch(() => {});
-
-		await fs.rmdir(mountPath).catch(() => {});
-
-		logger.info(`SFTP volume at ${mountPath} unmounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SFTP unmount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error("Error unmounting SFTP volume", { mountPath, error: toMessage(error) });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
-	}
-};
-
-const checkHealth = async (mountPath: string) => {
-	const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
-
-	if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-	}
-
-	if (mount.fstype !== "fuse.sshfs") {
-		return {
-			status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-			error: `Invalid filesystem type: ${mount.fstype} (expected fuse.sshfs)`,
-		};
-	}
-
-	return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-};
-
-export const makeSftpBackend = (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string): VolumeBackend => ({
-	mount: () => mount(config, mountPath),
-	unmount: () => unmount(mountPath),
-	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(mountPath),
-});

app/server/modules/backends/smb/smb-backend.ts

@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as os from "node:os";
-import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT } from "../../../core/constants";
-import { cryptoUtils } from "../../../utils/crypto";
-import { toMessage } from "../../../utils/errors";
-import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { getMountForPath } from "../../../utils/mountinfo";
-import { withTimeout } from "../../../utils/timeout";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../backend";
-import { assertMounted, executeMount, executeUnmount } from "../utils/backend-utils";
-import { BACKEND_STATUS, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
-
-const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, path: string) => {
-	logger.debug(`Mounting SMB volume ${path}...`);
-
-	if (config.backend !== "smb") {
-		logger.error("Provided config is not for SMB backend");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Provided config is not for SMB backend" };
-	}
-
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("SMB mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "SMB mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const { status } = await checkHealth(path);
-	if (status === "mounted") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	}
-
-	if (status === "error") {
-		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${path} before mounting...`);
-		await unmount(path);
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		await fs.mkdir(path, { recursive: true });
-
-		const source = `//${config.server}/${config.share}`;
-		const { uid, gid } = os.userInfo();
-
-		const options = [`port=${config.port}`, `uid=${uid}`, `gid=${gid}`, "iocharset=utf8"];
-
-		if (config.guest) {
-			options.push("username=guest", "password=");
-		} else {
-			const password = await cryptoUtils.resolveSecret(config.password ?? "");
-			const safePassword = password.replace(/\\/g, "\\\\").replace(/,/g, "\\,");
-
-			options.push(`username=${config.username ?? "user"}`, `password=${safePassword}`);
-		}
-
-		if (config.domain) {
-			options.push(`domain=${config.domain}`);
-		}
-
-		if (config.vers && config.vers !== "auto") {
-			options.push(`vers=${config.vers}`);
-		}
-
-		if (config.readOnly) {
-			options.push("ro");
-		}
-
-		const args = ["-t", "cifs", "-o", options.join(","), source, path];
-
-		logger.debug(`Mounting SMB volume ${path}...`);
-		logger.info(`Executing SMB mount for ${source} at ${path}`);
-
-		try {
-			await executeMount(args);
-		} catch (error) {
-			logger.error(`SMB mount failed: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-			throw error;
-		}
-
-		logger.info(`SMB volume at ${path} mounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SMB mount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error("Error mounting SMB volume", { error: toMessage(error) });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
-	}
-};
-
-const unmount = async (path: string) => {
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("SMB unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "SMB unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		const mount = await getMountForPath(path);
-		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== path) {
-			logger.debug(`Path ${path} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
-			return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-		}
-
-		await executeUnmount(path);
-
-		await fs.rmdir(path).catch(() => {});
-
-		logger.info(`SMB volume at ${path} unmounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SMB unmount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error("Error unmounting SMB volume", { path, error: toMessage(error) });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
-	}
-};
-
-const checkHealth = async (path: string) => {
-	const run = async () => {
-		await assertMounted(path, (fstype) => fstype === "cifs");
-
-		logger.debug(`SMB volume at ${path} is healthy and mounted.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SMB health check");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const message = toMessage(error);
-		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
-			logger.error("SMB volume health check failed:", message);
-		}
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: message };
-	}
-};
-
-export const makeSmbBackend = (config: BackendConfig, path: string): VolumeBackend => ({
-	mount: () => mount(config, path),
-	unmount: () => unmount(path),
-	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(path),
-});

app/server/modules/backends/utils/__tests__/backend-utils.test.ts

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import { afterEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
-
-vi.mock("node:fs/promises", async (importOriginal) => {
-	const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("node:fs/promises")>();
-
-	return {
-		...actual,
-		access: vi.fn(actual.access),
-	};
-});
-
-vi.mock("../../../../utils/mountinfo", async (importOriginal) => {
-	const actual = await importOriginal<typeof import("../../../../utils/mountinfo")>();
-
-	return {
-		...actual,
-		getMountForPath: vi.fn(actual.getMountForPath),
-	};
-});
-
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as mountinfo from "../../../../utils/mountinfo";
-import { assertMounted } from "../backend-utils";
-
-afterEach(() => {
-	vi.restoreAllMocks();
-});
-
-describe("assertMountedFilesystem", () => {
-	test("throws when the path is not accessible", async () => {
-		vi.mocked(fs.access).mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error("missing"));
-
-		await expect(assertMounted("/tmp/volume", (fstype) => fstype.startsWith("nfs"))).rejects.toThrow(
-			"Volume is not mounted",
-		);
-	});
-
-	test("throws when the mount filesystem does not match", async () => {
-		vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValueOnce(undefined);
-		vi.mocked(mountinfo.getMountForPath).mockResolvedValueOnce({
-			mountPoint: "/tmp/volume",
-			fstype: "cifs",
-		});
-
-		await expect(assertMounted("/tmp/volume", (fstype) => fstype.startsWith("nfs"))).rejects.toThrow(
-			"Path /tmp/volume is not mounted as correct fstype (found cifs).",
-		);
-	});
-
-	test("accepts a matching mounted filesystem", async () => {
-		vi.mocked(fs.access).mockResolvedValueOnce(undefined);
-		vi.mocked(mountinfo.getMountForPath).mockResolvedValueOnce({
-			mountPoint: "/tmp/volume",
-			fstype: "nfs4",
-		});
-
-		await expect(assertMounted("/tmp/volume", (fstype) => fstype.startsWith("nfs"))).resolves.toBeUndefined();
-	});
-});

app/server/modules/backends/webdav/webdav-backend.ts

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as os from "node:os";
-import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT } from "../../../core/constants";
-import { cryptoUtils } from "../../../utils/crypto";
-import { toMessage } from "../../../utils/errors";
-import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { getMountForPath } from "../../../utils/mountinfo";
-import { withTimeout } from "../../../utils/timeout";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../backend";
-import { assertMounted, executeMount, executeUnmount } from "../utils/backend-utils";
-import { BACKEND_STATUS, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
-
-const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, path: string) => {
-	logger.debug(`Mounting WebDAV volume ${path}...`);
-
-	if (config.backend !== "webdav") {
-		logger.error("Provided config is not for WebDAV backend");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Provided config is not for WebDAV backend" };
-	}
-
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("WebDAV mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "WebDAV mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const { status } = await checkHealth(path);
-	if (status === "mounted") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	}
-
-	if (status === "error") {
-		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${path} before mounting...`);
-		await unmount(path);
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		await fs.mkdir(path, { recursive: true }).catch((err) => {
-			logger.warn(`Failed to create directory ${path}: ${err.message}`);
-		});
-
-		const protocol = config.ssl ? "https" : "http";
-		const defaultPort = config.ssl ? 443 : 80;
-		const port = config.port !== defaultPort ? `:${config.port}` : "";
-		const source = `${protocol}://${config.server}${port}${config.path}`;
-
-		const { uid, gid } = os.userInfo();
-		const options = config.readOnly
-			? [`uid=${uid}`, `gid=${gid}`, "file_mode=0444", "dir_mode=0555", "ro"]
-			: [`uid=${uid}`, `gid=${gid}`, "file_mode=0664", "dir_mode=0775"];
-
-		if (config.username && config.password) {
-			const password = await cryptoUtils.resolveSecret(config.password);
-			const secretsFile = "/etc/davfs2/secrets";
-			const entry = [source, config.username, password].map((value) => value.replace(/[\r\n\t\s]+/g, " ")).join(" ");
-			const secretsContent = `${entry}\n`;
-			await fs.appendFile(secretsFile, secretsContent, { mode: 0o600 });
-		}
-
-		logger.debug(`Mounting WebDAV volume ${path}...`);
-
-		const args = ["-t", "davfs", "-o", options.join(","), source, path];
-
-		try {
-			await executeMount(args);
-		} catch (error) {
-			logger.warn(`Initial WebDAV mount failed, retrying with -i flag: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-			// Fallback with -i flag if the first mount fails using the mount helper
-			await executeMount(["-i", ...args]);
-		}
-
-		logger.info(`WebDAV volume at ${path} mounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "WebDAV mount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const errorMsg = toMessage(error);
-
-		if (errorMsg.includes("already mounted")) {
-			return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-		}
-
-		logger.error("Error mounting WebDAV volume", { error: errorMsg });
-
-		if (errorMsg.includes("option") && errorMsg.includes("requires argument")) {
-			return {
-				status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-				error: "Invalid mount options. Please check your WebDAV server configuration.",
-			};
-		} else if (errorMsg.includes("connection refused") || errorMsg.includes("Connection refused")) {
-			return {
-				status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-				error: "Cannot connect to WebDAV server. Please check the server address and port.",
-			};
-		} else if (errorMsg.includes("unauthorized") || errorMsg.includes("Unauthorized")) {
-			return {
-				status: BACKEND_STATUS.error,
-				error: "Authentication failed. Please check your username and password.",
-			};
-		}
-
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: errorMsg };
-	}
-};
-
-const unmount = async (path: string) => {
-	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
-		logger.error("WebDAV unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "WebDAV unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
-	}
-
-	const run = async () => {
-		const mount = await getMountForPath(path);
-		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== path) {
-			logger.debug(`Path ${path} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
-			return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-		}
-
-		await executeUnmount(path);
-
-		await fs.rmdir(path).catch(() => {});
-
-		logger.info(`WebDAV volume at ${path} unmounted successfully.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "WebDAV unmount");
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error("Error unmounting WebDAV volume", { path, error: toMessage(error) });
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
-	}
-};
-
-const checkHealth = async (path: string) => {
-	const run = async () => {
-		await assertMounted(path, (fstype) => fstype === "fuse" || fstype === "davfs");
-
-		logger.debug(`WebDAV volume at ${path} is healthy and mounted.`);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
-	};
-
-	try {
-		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "WebDAV health check");
-	} catch (error) {
-		const message = toMessage(error);
-		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
-			logger.error("WebDAV volume health check failed:", message);
-		}
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: message };
-	}
-};
-
-export const makeWebdavBackend = (config: BackendConfig, path: string): VolumeBackend => ({
-	mount: () => mount(config, path),
-	unmount: () => unmount(path),
-	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(path),
-});

app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.service.execution.test.ts

@@ -421,6 +421,50 @@ describe("backup execution - validation failures", () => {
 	});
 });
 
+describe("backup execution - routing", () => {
+	test("fails local repository backups on non-local volume agents", async () => {
+		const { runBackupMock } = setup();
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({ agentId: "agent-remote" });
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+		});
+
+		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+
+		const updatedSchedule = await getScheduleByIdOrShortId(schedule.id);
+		expect(updatedSchedule.lastBackupStatus).toBe("error");
+		expect(updatedSchedule.lastBackupError).toBe(
+			`Local repository "${repository.name}" can only be used with the local agent`,
+		);
+		expect(runBackupMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	test("routes remote repository backups through the owning volume agent", async () => {
+		const { runBackupMock } = setup();
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({ agentId: "agent-remote" });
+		const repository = await createTestRepository({
+			type: "s3",
+			config: {
+				backend: "s3",
+				endpoint: "https://s3.amazonaws.com",
+				bucket: "bucket-name",
+				accessKeyId: "access-key",
+				secretAccessKey: "secret-key",
+			},
+		});
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+		});
+
+		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+
+		expect(runBackupMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith("agent-remote", expect.objectContaining({ scheduleId: schedule.id }));
+	});
+});
+
 describe("stop backup", () => {
 	test("should keep restic warning details when backup completes with read errors", async () => {
 		const { resticBackupMock } = setup();

app/server/modules/backups/backup-executor.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { getVolumePath } from "../volumes/helpers";
 import { decryptRepositoryConfig } from "../repositories/repository-config-secrets";
 import { createBackupOptions } from "./backup.helpers";
 import { toErrorDetails } from "../../utils/errors";
+import { BadRequestError } from "http-errors-enhanced";
 
 const FUSE_VOLUME_BACKENDS = new Set<Volume["type"]>(["rclone", "sftp", "webdav"]);
 const IGNORE_INODE_FLAG = "--ignore-inode";
@@ -23,7 +24,17 @@ type BackupExecutionRequest = {
 	onProgress: (progress: BackupExecutionProgress) => void;
 };
 
-const activeControllersByScheduleId = new Map<number, AbortController>();
+export type { BackupExecutionResult } from "../agents/agents-manager";
+
+const activeControllersByScheduleId = new Map<number, { abortController: AbortController; agentId: string | null }>();
+
+const getBackupExecutionAgentId = (volume: Volume, repository: Repository) => {
+	if (repository.type === "local" && volume.agentId !== LOCAL_AGENT_ID) {
+		throw new BadRequestError(`Local repository "${repository.name}" can only be used with the local agent`);
+	}
+
+	return volume.agentId;
+};
 
 const createBackupRunPayload = async ({
 	jobId,
@@ -93,17 +104,17 @@ const executeBackupWithoutAgent = async (
 export const backupExecutor = {
 	track: (scheduleId: number) => {
 		const abortController = new AbortController();
-		activeControllersByScheduleId.set(scheduleId, abortController);
+		activeControllersByScheduleId.set(scheduleId, { abortController, agentId: null });
 		return abortController;
 	},
 	untrack: (scheduleId: number, abortController: AbortController) => {
-		if (activeControllersByScheduleId.get(scheduleId) === abortController) {
+		if (activeControllersByScheduleId.get(scheduleId)?.abortController === abortController) {
 			activeControllersByScheduleId.delete(scheduleId);
 		}
 	},
 	execute: async (request: Omit<BackupExecutionRequest, "jobId">) => {
-		const trackedAbortController = activeControllersByScheduleId.get(request.scheduleId);
-		if (!trackedAbortController || trackedAbortController.signal !== request.signal) {
+		const trackedExecution = activeControllersByScheduleId.get(request.scheduleId);
+		if (!trackedExecution || trackedExecution.abortController.signal !== request.signal) {
 			throw new Error(`Backup execution for schedule ${request.scheduleId} was not tracked`);
 		}
 
@@ -119,27 +130,38 @@ export const backupExecutor = {
 			throw request.signal.reason || new Error("Operation aborted");
 		}
 
-		const executionResult = await agentManager.runBackup(LOCAL_AGENT_ID, {
+		const executionAgentId = getBackupExecutionAgentId(request.volume, request.repository);
+		trackedExecution.agentId = executionAgentId;
+
+		const executionResult = await agentManager.runBackup(executionAgentId, {
 			scheduleId: request.scheduleId,
 			payload,
 			signal: request.signal,
 			onProgress: request.onProgress,
 		});
 
-		if (executionResult.status === "unavailable" && !config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+		if (
+			executionResult.status === "unavailable" &&
+			executionAgentId === LOCAL_AGENT_ID &&
+			!config.flags.enableLocalAgent
+		) {
 			return executeBackupWithoutAgent(payload, request);
 		}
 
 		return executionResult;
 	},
 	cancel: async (scheduleId: number) => {
-		const abortController = activeControllersByScheduleId.get(scheduleId);
-		if (!abortController) {
+		const trackedExecution = activeControllersByScheduleId.get(scheduleId);
+		if (!trackedExecution) {
 			return false;
 		}
 
-		abortController.abort();
-		await agentManager.cancelBackup(LOCAL_AGENT_ID, scheduleId);
+		trackedExecution.abortController.abort();
+		if (!trackedExecution.agentId) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		await agentManager.cancelBackup(trackedExecution.agentId, scheduleId);
 		return true;
 	},
 };

app/server/modules/backups/backups.service.ts

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import { copyToMirrors, runForget, syncSnapshotsToMirror } from "./helpers/backu
 import { restic } from "../../core/restic";
 import { mirrorQueries } from "./backups.queries";
 import { toMessage } from "../../utils/errors";
-
 const listSchedules = async () => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
 	const schedules = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findMany({

app/server/modules/lifecycle/__tests__/shutdown.test.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
 import { Scheduler } from "../../../core/scheduler";
-import * as backendModule from "../../backends/backend";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../../backends/backend";
 import * as bootstrapModule from "../bootstrap";
+import { agentManager } from "../../agents/agents-manager";
 import { createTestVolume } from "~/test/helpers/volume";
+import { config } from "~/server/core/config";
+import { db } from "~/server/db/db";
 
 const loadShutdownModule = async () => {
 	const moduleUrl = new URL("../shutdown.ts", import.meta.url);
@@ -12,11 +13,12 @@ const loadShutdownModule = async () => {
 };
 
 afterEach(() => {
+	config.flags.enableLocalAgent = true;
 	vi.restoreAllMocks();
 });
 
 describe("shutdown", () => {
-	test("stops the agent runtime before unmounting mounted volumes", async () => {
+	test("does not unmount agent-owned volumes during controller shutdown", async () => {
 		const events: string[] = [];
 		const stopScheduler = vi.fn(async () => {
 			events.push("scheduler.stop");
@@ -24,35 +26,51 @@ describe("shutdown", () => {
 		const stopApplicationRuntime = vi.fn(async () => {
 			events.push("agents.stop");
 		});
-		const unmountVolume = vi.fn(async () => {
-			events.push("backend.unmount");
-			return { status: "unmounted" as const };
-		});
+		const runVolumeCommand = vi.spyOn(agentManager, "runVolumeCommand");
 
-		await createTestVolume({
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({
 			name: "Shutdown test volume",
 			config: {
 				backend: "directory",
 				path: "/Applications",
 			},
 			status: "mounted",
+			agentId: "agent-1",
 		});
 
 		vi.spyOn(Scheduler, "stop").mockImplementation(stopScheduler);
 		vi.spyOn(bootstrapModule, "stopApplicationRuntime").mockImplementation(stopApplicationRuntime);
-		vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockImplementation(
-			() =>
-				({
-					mount: async () => ({ status: "mounted" as const }),
-					unmount: unmountVolume,
-					checkHealth: async () => ({ status: "mounted" as const }),
-				}) satisfies VolumeBackend,
-		);
 
 		const { shutdown } = await loadShutdownModule();
 
 		await shutdown();
 
-		expect(events).toEqual(["scheduler.stop", "agents.stop", "backend.unmount"]);
+		expect(events).toEqual(["scheduler.stop", "agents.stop"]);
+		expect(runVolumeCommand).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	test("keeps legacy controller-local fallback unmount on shutdown", async () => {
+		config.flags.enableLocalAgent = false;
+		const events: string[] = [];
+		vi.spyOn(Scheduler, "stop").mockImplementation(async () => {
+			events.push("scheduler.stop");
+		});
+		vi.spyOn(bootstrapModule, "stopApplicationRuntime").mockImplementation(async () => {
+			events.push("agents.stop");
+		});
+
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({
+			name: "Fallback shutdown test volume",
+			config: { backend: "directory", path: "/Applications" },
+			status: "mounted",
+		});
+
+		const { shutdown } = await loadShutdownModule();
+
+		await shutdown();
+
+		const updated = await db.query.volumesTable.findFirst({ where: { id: volume.id } });
+		expect(events).toEqual(["scheduler.stop", "agents.stop"]);
+		expect(updated?.status).toBe("unmounted");
 	});
 });

app/server/modules/lifecycle/shutdown.ts

@@ -1,21 +1,29 @@
 import { Scheduler } from "../../core/scheduler";
 import { db } from "../../db/db";
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { createVolumeBackend } from "../backends/backend";
 import { stopApplicationRuntime } from "./bootstrap";
+import { withContext } from "../../core/request-context";
+import { volumeService } from "../volumes/volume.service";
+import { toMessage } from "../../utils/errors";
+import { config } from "../../core/config";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "../agents/constants";
 
 export const shutdown = async () => {
 	await Scheduler.stop();
-	await stopApplicationRuntime();
 
-	const volumes = await db.query.volumesTable.findMany({
-		where: { status: "mounted" },
-	});
+	if (!config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+		const volumes = await db.query.volumesTable.findMany({
+			where: { AND: [{ status: "mounted" }, { agentId: LOCAL_AGENT_ID }] },
+		});
 
-	for (const volume of volumes) {
-		const backend = createVolumeBackend(volume);
-		const { status, error } = await backend.unmount();
+		for (const volume of volumes) {
+			const { status, error } = await withContext({ organizationId: volume.organizationId }, () =>
+				volumeService.unmountVolume(volume.shortId),
+			).catch((error) => ({ status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) }));
 
-		logger.info(`Volume ${volume.name} unmount status: ${status}${error ? `, error: ${error}` : ""}`);
+			logger.info(`Volume ${volume.name} unmount status: ${status}${error ? `, error: ${error}` : ""}`);
+		}
 	}
+
+	await stopApplicationRuntime();
 };

app/server/modules/lifecycle/startup.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { backupsService } from "../backups/backups.service";
 import { config } from "~/server/core/config";
 import { syncProvisionedResources } from "../provisioning/provisioning";
 import { toMessage } from "~/server/utils/errors";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "../agents/constants";
 
 const ensureLatestConfigurationSchema = async () => {
 	const volumes = await db.query.volumesTable.findMany({});
@@ -71,23 +72,30 @@ export const startup = async () => {
 		logger.warn(`Removed ${deletedSchedules} orphaned backup schedule(s) during startup`);
 	}
 
-	const volumes = await db.query.volumesTable.findMany({
-		where: {
-			OR: [
-				{ status: "mounted" },
-				{
-					AND: [{ autoRemount: true }, { status: "error" }],
-				},
-			],
-		},
-	});
-
-	for (const volume of volumes) {
-		await withContext({ organizationId: volume.organizationId }, async () => {
-			await volumeService.mountVolume(volume.shortId).catch((err) => {
-				logger.error(`Error auto-remounting volume ${volume.name} on startup: ${err.message}`);
-			});
+	if (!config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+		const volumes = await db.query.volumesTable.findMany({
+			where: {
+				AND: [
+					{ agentId: LOCAL_AGENT_ID },
+					{
+						OR: [
+							{ status: "mounted" },
+							{
+								AND: [{ autoRemount: true }, { status: "error" }],
+							},
+						],
+					},
+				],
+			},
 		});
+
+		for (const volume of volumes) {
+			await withContext({ organizationId: volume.organizationId }, async () => {
+				await volumeService.mountVolume(volume.shortId).catch((err) => {
+					logger.error(`Error auto-remounting volume ${volume.name} on startup: ${err.message}`);
+				});
+			});
+		}
 	}
 
 	await db
@@ -102,7 +110,9 @@ export const startup = async () => {
 			logger.error(`Failed to update stuck backup schedules on startup: ${err.message}`);
 		});
 
-	Scheduler.build(CleanupDanglingMountsJob).schedule("0 * * * *");
+	if (!config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+		Scheduler.build(CleanupDanglingMountsJob).schedule("0 * * * *");
+	}
 	Scheduler.build(VolumeHealthCheckJob).schedule("*/30 * * * *");
 	Scheduler.build(RepositoryHealthCheckJob).schedule("50 12 * * *");
 	Scheduler.build(BackupExecutionJob).schedule("* * * * *");

app/server/modules/provisioning/provisioning.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { config as appConfig } from "~/server/core/config";
 import { restic } from "~/server/core/restic";
 import { db } from "~/server/db/db";
 import { repositoriesTable, volumesTable } from "~/server/db/schema";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "~/server/modules/agents/constants";
 import { mapRepositoryConfigSecrets } from "~/server/modules/repositories/repository-config-secrets";
 import { mapVolumeConfigSecrets } from "~/server/modules/volumes/volume-config-secrets";
 import { BACKEND_TYPES, volumeConfigSchema, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
@@ -154,7 +155,6 @@ const syncProvisionedRepositories = async (repositories: ProvisionedRepository[]
 
 		const existing = existingRepositories.find((r) => r.provisioningId === provisioningId);
 		const encryptedConfig = await encryptProvisionedRepositoryConfig(repository.config);
-
 		if (!existing) {
 			const id = Bun.randomUUIDv7();
 
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ const syncProvisionedVolumes = async (volumes: ProvisionedVolume[]) => {
 				type: volume.backend,
 				config: await encryptProvisionedVolumeConfig(volume.config),
 				autoRemount: volume.autoRemount,
+				agentId: LOCAL_AGENT_ID,
 				status: volume.autoRemount ? "mounted" : "unmounted",
 				organizationId: volume.organizationId,
 			});
@@ -239,6 +240,7 @@ const syncProvisionedVolumes = async (volumes: ProvisionedVolume[]) => {
 			type: volume.backend,
 			config: await encryptProvisionedVolumeConfig(volume.config),
 			autoRemount: volume.autoRemount,
+			agentId: LOCAL_AGENT_ID,
 			organizationId: volume.organizationId,
 			updatedAt: Date.now(),
 		};

app/server/modules/repositories/repositories.service.ts

@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ const createRepository = async (name: string, config: RepositoryConfig, compress
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
 	const id = Bun.randomUUIDv7();
 	const shortId = generateShortId();
-
 	if (config.backend === "local" && !config.isExistingRepository) {
 		config.path = `${config.path}/${shortId}`;
 	}
@@ -717,7 +716,6 @@ const updateRepository = async (shortId: ShortId, updates: UpdateRepositoryBody)
 	const decryptedExisting = await decryptRepositoryConfig(existingConfig);
 	const configChanged = updates.config && JSON.stringify(decryptedExisting) !== JSON.stringify(parsedConfig);
 	const encryptedConfig = updates.config ? await encryptRepositoryConfig(parsedConfig) : existingConfig;
-
 	const updatedAt = Date.now();
 	const updatePayload = {
 		name: newName,

app/server/modules/volumes/__tests__/volumes.service.test.ts

@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+const agentManagerMock = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+	runVolumeCommand: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../../agents/agents-manager", () => ({
+	agentManager: agentManagerMock,
+}));
+
 import { volumeService } from "../volume.service";
 import { db } from "~/server/db/db";
 import { volumesTable } from "~/server/db/schema";
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import os from "node:os";
-import path from "node:path";
 import { createTestSession } from "~/test/helpers/auth";
 import { withContext } from "~/server/core/request-context";
 import { asShortId } from "~/server/utils/branded";
 import { createTestVolume } from "~/test/helpers/volume";
-import * as backendModule from "../../backends/backend";
+import { config } from "~/server/core/config";
 
 afterEach(() => {
+	config.flags.enableLocalAgent = false;
 	vi.restoreAllMocks();
+	agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand.mockReset();
 });
 
 describe("volumeService.getVolume", () => {
@@ -98,13 +105,7 @@ describe("volumeService.getVolume", () => {
 describe("volumeService.listFiles security", () => {
 	test("should reject traversal outside the volume root in listFiles", async () => {
 		const { organizationId, user } = await createTestSession();
-		const tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "zerobyte-vol-svc-"));
-		const volumePath = path.join(tempRoot, "vol");
-		const secretPath = path.join(tempRoot, "volume-secret");
-
-		await fs.mkdir(volumePath, { recursive: true });
-		await fs.mkdir(secretPath, { recursive: true });
-		await fs.writeFile(path.join(secretPath, "secret.txt"), "top secret", "utf-8");
+		agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand.mockRejectedValue(new Error("Invalid path"));
 
 		const [volume] = await db
 			.insert(volumesTable)
@@ -113,44 +114,40 @@ describe("volumeService.listFiles security", () => {
 				name: `test-vol-${randomUUID().slice(0, 8)}`,
 				type: "directory",
 				status: "mounted",
-				config: { backend: "directory", path: volumePath },
+				config: { backend: "directory", path: "/tmp/volume" },
 				autoRemount: true,
 				organizationId,
 			})
 			.returning();
 
-		try {
-			await withContext({ organizationId, userId: user.id }, async () => {
-				const traversalPath = `../${path.basename(secretPath)}`;
-
-				await expect(volumeService.listFiles(volume.shortId, traversalPath)).rejects.toThrow("Invalid path");
-			});
-		} finally {
-			await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
-		}
+		await withContext({ organizationId, userId: user.id }, async () => {
+			await expect(volumeService.listFiles(volume.shortId, "../volume-secret")).rejects.toThrow("Invalid path");
+		});
 	});
 });
 
 describe("volumeService.mountVolume", () => {
-	test("unmounts any existing mount before mounting", async () => {
+	test("routes unmount and mount to the owning agent before updating state", async () => {
 		const { organizationId, user } = await createTestSession();
-		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted" });
-		const unmount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "unmounted" });
-		const mount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-
-		vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockImplementation(() => ({
-			mount,
-			unmount,
-			checkHealth: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" }),
-		}));
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted", agentId: "agent-1" });
+		agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand
+			.mockResolvedValueOnce({ name: "volume.unmount", result: { status: "unmounted" } })
+			.mockResolvedValueOnce({ name: "volume.mount", result: { status: "mounted" } });
 
 		await withContext({ organizationId, userId: user.id }, async () => {
 			const result = await volumeService.mountVolume(volume.shortId);
 
 			expect(result.status).toBe("mounted");
-			expect(unmount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-			expect(mount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-			expect(unmount.mock.invocationCallOrder[0]).toBeLessThan(mount.mock.invocationCallOrder[0]);
+			expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+				1,
+				volume.agentId,
+				expect.objectContaining({ name: "volume.unmount", volume: expect.objectContaining({ id: volume.id }) }),
+			);
+			expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+				2,
+				volume.agentId,
+				expect.objectContaining({ name: "volume.mount", volume: expect.objectContaining({ id: volume.id }) }),
+			);
 		});
 	});
 });
@@ -158,15 +155,8 @@ describe("volumeService.mountVolume", () => {
 describe("volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume", () => {
 	test("returns ready when the mounted volume passes its health check", async () => {
 		const { organizationId, user } = await createTestSession();
-		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted" });
-		const mount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-		const checkHealth = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-
-		vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockImplementation(() => ({
-			mount,
-			unmount: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "unmounted" }),
-			checkHealth,
-		}));
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted", agentId: "agent-1" });
+		agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand.mockResolvedValue({ name: "volume.checkHealth", result: { status: "mounted" } });
 
 		await withContext({ organizationId, userId: user.id }, async () => {
 			const result = await volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume(volume.shortId);
@@ -176,22 +166,21 @@ describe("volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume", () => {
 				volume: expect.objectContaining({ id: volume.id, status: "mounted", lastError: null }),
 				remounted: false,
 			});
-			expect(checkHealth).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-			expect(mount).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+			expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				volume.agentId,
+				expect.objectContaining({ name: "volume.checkHealth", volume: expect.objectContaining({ id: volume.id }) }),
+			);
 		});
 	});
 
 	test("auto-remounts when the mounted volume fails its health check", async () => {
 		const { organizationId, user } = await createTestSession();
-		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted", autoRemount: true });
-		const mount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-		const checkHealth = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "error", error: "stale mount" });
-
-		vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockImplementation(() => ({
-			mount,
-			unmount: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "unmounted" }),
-			checkHealth,
-		}));
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted", autoRemount: true, agentId: "agent-1" });
+		agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand
+			.mockResolvedValueOnce({ name: "volume.checkHealth", result: { status: "error", error: "stale mount" } })
+			.mockResolvedValueOnce({ name: "volume.unmount", result: { status: "unmounted" } })
+			.mockResolvedValueOnce({ name: "volume.mount", result: { status: "mounted" } });
 
 		await withContext({ organizationId, userId: user.id }, async () => {
 			const result = await volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume(volume.shortId);
@@ -201,8 +190,7 @@ describe("volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume", () => {
 				volume: expect.objectContaining({ id: volume.id, status: "mounted", lastError: null }),
 				remounted: true,
 			});
-			expect(checkHealth).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-			expect(mount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+			expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
 
 			const updatedVolume = await db.query.volumesTable.findFirst({ where: { id: volume.id } });
 			expect(updatedVolume?.status).toBe("mounted");
@@ -212,15 +200,16 @@ describe("volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume", () => {
 
 	test("returns not ready when the health check fails and auto-remount is disabled", async () => {
 		const { organizationId, user } = await createTestSession();
-		const volume = await createTestVolume({ organizationId, status: "mounted", autoRemount: false });
-		const mount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-		const checkHealth = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "error", error: "stale mount" });
-
-		vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockImplementation(() => ({
-			mount,
-			unmount: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "unmounted" }),
-			checkHealth,
-		}));
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({
+			organizationId,
+			status: "mounted",
+			autoRemount: false,
+			agentId: "agent-1",
+		});
+		agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand.mockResolvedValue({
+			name: "volume.checkHealth",
+			result: { status: "error", error: "stale mount" },
+		});
 
 		await withContext({ organizationId, userId: user.id }, async () => {
 			const result = await volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume(volume.shortId);
@@ -230,54 +219,17 @@ describe("volumeService.ensureHealthyVolume", () => {
 				volume: expect.objectContaining({ id: volume.id, status: "error", lastError: "stale mount" }),
 				reason: "stale mount",
 			});
-			expect(checkHealth).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-			expect(mount).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
 		});
 	});
 });
 
 describe("volumeService.testConnection", () => {
-	test("uses an isolated temp mount path for backend test connections", async () => {
-		const mount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-		const unmount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "unmounted" });
-		const createVolumeBackendSpy = vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockReturnValue({
-			mount,
-			unmount,
-			checkHealth: vi.fn(),
-		});
-
-		await volumeService.testConnection({
-			backend: "nfs",
-			server: "127.0.0.1",
-			exportPath: "/exports/test",
-			version: "4",
-			port: 2049,
-			readOnly: false,
-		});
-
-		expect(createVolumeBackendSpy).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-		const [, mountPath] = createVolumeBackendSpy.mock.calls[0];
-		expect(mountPath).toEqual(expect.stringContaining(`${path.sep}zerobyte-test-`));
-		await expect(fs.access(mountPath as string)).rejects.toThrow();
-		expect(mount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-		expect(unmount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-	});
-
-	test("does not fail when backend unmount already removed the temp mount path", async () => {
-		const mount = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "mounted" });
-		let mountPath: string | undefined;
-		const unmount = vi.fn().mockImplementation(async () => {
-			await fs.rm(mountPath!, { recursive: true, force: true });
-			return { status: "unmounted" };
-		});
-
-		vi.spyOn(backendModule, "createVolumeBackend").mockImplementation((_volume, tempPath) => {
-			mountPath = tempPath;
-			return {
-				mount,
-				unmount,
-				checkHealth: vi.fn(),
-			};
+	test("routes test connections to the local agent", async () => {
+		config.flags.enableLocalAgent = true;
+		agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand.mockResolvedValue({
+			name: "volume.testConnection",
+			result: { success: true, message: "Connection successful" },
 		});
 
 		await expect(
@@ -294,9 +246,9 @@ describe("volumeService.testConnection", () => {
 			message: "Connection successful",
 		});
 
-		expect(mountPath).toEqual(expect.stringContaining(`${path.sep}zerobyte-test-`));
-		await expect(fs.access(mountPath as string)).rejects.toThrow();
-		expect(mount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
-		expect(unmount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+		expect(agentManagerMock.runVolumeCommand).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			"local",
+			expect.objectContaining({ name: "volume.testConnection" }),
+		);
 	});
 });

app/server/modules/volumes/volume-config-secrets.ts

@@ -32,3 +32,7 @@ export const mapVolumeConfigSecrets = async (
 export const encryptVolumeConfig = async (config: BackendConfig): Promise<BackendConfig> => {
 	return await mapVolumeConfigSecrets(config, cryptoUtils.sealSecret);
 };
+
+export const decryptVolumeConfig = async (config: BackendConfig): Promise<BackendConfig> => {
+	return await mapVolumeConfigSecrets(config, cryptoUtils.resolveSecret);
+};

app/server/modules/volumes/volume.service.ts

@@ -1,37 +1,39 @@
-import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import * as os from "node:os";
-import * as path from "node:path";
 import { and, eq } from "drizzle-orm";
 import { BadRequestError, InternalServerError, NotFoundError } from "http-errors-enhanced";
 import { db } from "../../db/db";
 import { volumesTable } from "../../db/schema";
 import { toMessage } from "../../utils/errors";
 import { generateShortId } from "../../utils/id";
-import { getStatFs, type StatFs } from "../../utils/mountinfo";
+import type { StatFs } from "../../utils/mountinfo";
 import { withTimeout } from "../../utils/timeout";
-import { createVolumeBackend } from "../backends/backend";
+import { config } from "../../core/config";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "../agents/constants";
+import { agentManager } from "../agents/agents-manager";
 import type { UpdateVolumeBody } from "./volume.dto";
-import { getVolumePath } from "./helpers";
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
 import { serverEvents } from "../../core/events";
 import type { Volume } from "../../db/schema";
 import { volumeConfigSchema, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
 import { getOrganizationId } from "~/server/core/request-context";
-import { isNodeJSErrnoException } from "~/server/utils/fs";
-import { asShortId, type ShortId } from "~/server/utils/branded";
-import { encryptVolumeConfig } from "./volume-config-secrets";
+import { type ShortId } from "~/server/utils/branded";
+import { decryptVolumeConfig, encryptVolumeConfig } from "./volume-config-secrets";
+import type { VolumeCommand, VolumeCommandResult } from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
+import {
+	createVolumeBackend,
+	getStatFs,
+	getVolumePath,
+	type AgentVolume,
+	type BackendConfig as HostBackendConfig,
+} from "../../../../apps/agent/src/volume-host";
+import {
+	browseFilesystem as browseHostFilesystem,
+	listVolumeFiles,
+	testVolumeConnection,
+} from "../../../../apps/agent/src/volume-host/operations";
 
 type EnsureHealthyVolumeResult =
-	| {
-			ready: true;
-			volume: Volume;
-			remounted: boolean;
-	  }
-	| {
-			ready: false;
-			volume: Volume;
-			reason: string;
-	  };
+	| { ready: true; volume: Volume; remounted: boolean }
+	| { ready: false; volume: Volume; reason: string };
 
 const listVolumes = async () => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
@@ -52,6 +54,68 @@ const findVolume = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
 	});
 };
 
+const runVolumeCommand = async <TCommand extends VolumeCommand>(agentId: string, command: TCommand) => {
+	const result = await agentManager.runVolumeCommand(agentId, command);
+	if (result.name !== command.name) {
+		throw new InternalServerError(`Unexpected agent response for ${command.name}`);
+	}
+
+	return result as Extract<VolumeCommandResult, { name: TCommand["name"] }>;
+};
+
+const volumeForAgent = async (volume: Volume): Promise<Volume> => ({
+	...volume,
+	config: await decryptVolumeConfig(volume.config),
+});
+
+const volumeForHost = async (volume: Volume): Promise<AgentVolume> => ({
+	...volume,
+	shortId: volume.shortId,
+	config: (await decryptVolumeConfig(volume.config)) as HostBackendConfig,
+	provisioningId: volume.provisioningId ?? null,
+});
+
+// Transitional fallback: older controller-only installs do not run the supervised local agent.
+// Keep all controller-local host execution behind this predicate so the fallback is easy to delete
+// once volume operations always go through the local agent.
+const shouldRunViaAgent = (volume: Volume) => volume.agentId !== LOCAL_AGENT_ID || config.flags.enableLocalAgent;
+
+const shouldUseControllerLocalVolumeFallback = (volume: Volume) => !shouldRunViaAgent(volume);
+
+const runVolumeBackendCommand = async (
+	volume: Volume,
+	name: "volume.mount" | "volume.unmount" | "volume.checkHealth",
+) => {
+	if (shouldUseControllerLocalVolumeFallback(volume)) {
+		const backend = createVolumeBackend(await volumeForHost(volume));
+		switch (name) {
+			case "volume.mount":
+				return backend.mount();
+			case "volume.unmount":
+				return backend.unmount();
+			case "volume.checkHealth":
+				return backend.checkHealth();
+		}
+	}
+
+	const command = await runVolumeCommand(volume.agentId, {
+		name,
+		volume: await volumeForAgent(volume),
+	});
+	return command.result;
+};
+
+const mapAgentFileError = (error: unknown) => {
+	const message = toMessage(error);
+	if (message === "Invalid path") {
+		throw new BadRequestError("Invalid path");
+	}
+	if (message === "Directory not found") {
+		throw new NotFoundError("Directory not found");
+	}
+	throw error;
+};
+
 const createVolume = async (name: string, backendConfig: BackendConfig) => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
 	const trimmedName = name.trim();
@@ -70,6 +134,7 @@ const createVolume = async (name: string, backendConfig: BackendConfig) => {
 			name: trimmedName,
 			config: encryptedConfig,
 			type: backendConfig.backend,
+			agentId: LOCAL_AGENT_ID,
 			organizationId,
 		})
 		.returning();
@@ -78,8 +143,7 @@ const createVolume = async (name: string, backendConfig: BackendConfig) => {
 		throw new InternalServerError("Failed to create volume");
 	}
 
-	const backend = createVolumeBackend(created);
-	const { error, status } = await backend.mount();
+	const { error, status } = await runVolumeBackendCommand(created, "volume.mount");
 
 	await db
 		.update(volumesTable)
@@ -97,8 +161,7 @@ const deleteVolume = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
 		throw new NotFoundError("Volume not found");
 	}
 
-	const backend = createVolumeBackend(volume);
-	await backend.unmount();
+	await runVolumeBackendCommand(volume, "volume.unmount");
 	await db
 		.delete(volumesTable)
 		.where(and(eq(volumesTable.id, volume.id), eq(volumesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
@@ -112,9 +175,8 @@ const mountVolume = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
 		throw new NotFoundError("Volume not found");
 	}
 
-	const backend = createVolumeBackend(volume);
-	await backend.unmount();
-	const { error, status } = await backend.mount();
+	await runVolumeBackendCommand(volume, "volume.unmount");
+	const { error, status } = await runVolumeBackendCommand(volume, "volume.mount");
 
 	await db
 		.update(volumesTable)
@@ -136,8 +198,7 @@ const unmountVolume = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
 		throw new NotFoundError("Volume not found");
 	}
 
-	const backend = createVolumeBackend(volume);
-	const { status, error } = await backend.unmount();
+	const { status, error } = await runVolumeBackendCommand(volume, "volume.unmount");
 
 	await db
 		.update(volumesTable)
@@ -160,7 +221,15 @@ const getVolume = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
 
 	let statfs: Partial<StatFs> = {};
 	if (volume.status === "mounted") {
-		statfs = await withTimeout(getStatFs(getVolumePath(volume)), 1000, "getStatFs").catch((error) => {
+		statfs = await withTimeout(
+			!shouldUseControllerLocalVolumeFallback(volume)
+				? runVolumeCommand(volume.agentId, { name: "volume.statfs", volume: await volumeForAgent(volume) }).then(
+						(command) => command.result,
+					)
+				: volumeForHost(volume).then((hostVolume) => getStatFs(getVolumePath(hostVolume))),
+			1000,
+			"volume.statfs",
+		).catch((error) => {
 			logger.warn(`Failed to get statfs for volume ${volume.name}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
 			return {};
 		});
@@ -188,8 +257,7 @@ const updateVolume = async (shortId: ShortId, volumeData: UpdateVolumeBody) => {
 
 	if (configChanged) {
 		logger.debug("Unmounting existing volume before applying new config");
-		const backend = createVolumeBackend(existing);
-		await backend.unmount();
+		await runVolumeBackendCommand(existing, "volume.unmount");
 	}
 
 	const newConfigResult = volumeConfigSchema.safeParse(volumeData.config || existing.config);
@@ -217,8 +285,7 @@ const updateVolume = async (shortId: ShortId, volumeData: UpdateVolumeBody) => {
 	}
 
 	if (configChanged) {
-		const backend = createVolumeBackend(updated);
-		const { error, status } = await backend.mount();
+		const { error, status } = await runVolumeBackendCommand(updated, "volume.mount");
 		await db
 			.update(volumesTable)
 			.set({ status, lastError: error ?? null, lastHealthCheck: Date.now() })
@@ -231,38 +298,12 @@ const updateVolume = async (shortId: ShortId, volumeData: UpdateVolumeBody) => {
 };
 
 const testConnection = async (backendConfig: BackendConfig) => {
-	const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "zerobyte-test-"));
-	try {
-		const encryptedConfig = await encryptVolumeConfig(backendConfig);
-
-		const mockVolume = {
-			id: 0,
-			shortId: asShortId("test"),
-			name: "test-connection",
-			config: encryptedConfig,
-			createdAt: Date.now(),
-			updatedAt: Date.now(),
-			lastHealthCheck: Date.now(),
-			type: encryptedConfig.backend,
-			status: "unmounted" as const,
-			lastError: null,
-			provisioningId: null,
-			autoRemount: true,
-			organizationId: "test-org",
-		};
-
-		const backend = createVolumeBackend(mockVolume, tempDir);
-		const { error } = await backend.mount();
-
-		await backend.unmount();
-
-		return {
-			success: !error,
-			message: error ? toMessage(error) : "Connection successful",
-		};
-	} finally {
-		await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+	if (!config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+		return await testVolumeConnection(backendConfig as HostBackendConfig);
 	}
+
+	const command = await runVolumeCommand(LOCAL_AGENT_ID, { name: "volume.testConnection", backendConfig });
+	return command.result;
 };
 
 const checkHealth = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
@@ -273,8 +314,7 @@ const checkHealth = async (shortId: ShortId) => {
 		throw new NotFoundError("Volume not found");
 	}
 
-	const backend = createVolumeBackend(volume);
-	const { error, status } = await backend.checkHealth();
+	const { error, status } = await runVolumeBackendCommand(volume, "volume.checkHealth");
 
 	if (status !== volume.status) {
 		serverEvents.emit("volume:status_changed", { organizationId, volumeName: volume.name, status });
@@ -342,7 +382,6 @@ const ensureHealthyVolume = async (shortId: ShortId): Promise<EnsureHealthyVolum
 };
 
 const DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 500;
-const MAX_PAGE_SIZE = 500;
 
 const listFiles = async (shortId: ShortId, subPath?: string, offset: number = 0, limit: number = DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE) => {
 	const volume = await findVolume(shortId);
@@ -355,110 +394,33 @@ const listFiles = async (shortId: ShortId, subPath?: string, offset: number = 0,
 		throw new InternalServerError("Volume is not mounted");
 	}
 
-	const volumePath = getVolumePath(volume);
-	const requestedPath = subPath ? path.join(volumePath, subPath) : volumePath;
-	const normalizedPath = path.normalize(requestedPath);
-	const relative = path.relative(volumePath, normalizedPath);
-
-	if (relative.startsWith("..") || path.isAbsolute(relative)) {
-		throw new BadRequestError("Invalid path");
-	}
-
-	const pageSize = Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), MAX_PAGE_SIZE);
-	const startOffset = Math.max(offset, 0);
-
 	try {
-		const dirents = await fs.readdir(normalizedPath, { withFileTypes: true });
-
-		dirents.sort((a, b) => {
-			const aIsDir = a.isDirectory();
-			const bIsDir = b.isDirectory();
-
-			if (aIsDir === bIsDir) {
-				return a.name.localeCompare(b.name);
-			}
-			return aIsDir ? -1 : 1;
-		});
-
-		const total = dirents.length;
-		const paginatedDirents = dirents.slice(startOffset, startOffset + pageSize);
-
-		const entries = (
-			await Promise.all(
-				paginatedDirents.map(async (dirent) => {
-					const fullPath = path.join(normalizedPath, dirent.name);
-
-					try {
-						const stats = await fs.stat(fullPath);
-						const relativePath = path.relative(volumePath, fullPath);
-
-						return {
-							name: dirent.name,
-							path: `/${relativePath}`,
-							type: dirent.isDirectory() ? ("directory" as const) : ("file" as const),
-							size: dirent.isFile() ? stats.size : undefined,
-							modifiedAt: stats.mtimeMs,
-						};
-					} catch {
-						return null;
-					}
-				}),
-			)
-		).filter((e) => e !== null);
-
-		return {
-			files: entries,
-			path: subPath || "/",
-			offset: startOffset,
-			limit: pageSize,
-			total,
-			hasMore: startOffset + pageSize < total,
-		};
-	} catch (error) {
-		if (isNodeJSErrnoException(error) && error.code === "ENOENT") {
-			throw new NotFoundError("Directory not found");
+		if (shouldUseControllerLocalVolumeFallback(volume)) {
+			return await listVolumeFiles(await volumeForHost(volume), subPath, offset, limit);
 		}
+
+		const command = await runVolumeCommand(volume.agentId, {
+			name: "volume.listFiles",
+			volume: await volumeForAgent(volume),
+			subPath,
+			offset,
+			limit,
+		});
+		return command.result;
+	} catch (error) {
+		mapAgentFileError(error);
 		throw new InternalServerError(`Failed to list files: ${toMessage(error)}`);
 	}
 };
 
 const browseFilesystem = async (browsePath: string) => {
-	const normalizedPath = path.normalize(browsePath);
-
 	try {
-		const entries = await fs.readdir(normalizedPath, { withFileTypes: true });
+		if (!config.flags.enableLocalAgent) {
+			return await browseHostFilesystem(browsePath);
+		}
 
-		const directories = await Promise.all(
-			entries
-				.filter((entry) => entry.isDirectory())
-				.map(async (entry) => {
-					const fullPath = path.join(normalizedPath, entry.name);
-
-					try {
-						const stats = await fs.stat(fullPath);
-						return {
-							name: entry.name,
-							path: fullPath,
-							type: "directory" as const,
-							size: undefined,
-							modifiedAt: stats.mtimeMs,
-						};
-					} catch {
-						return {
-							name: entry.name,
-							path: fullPath,
-							type: "directory" as const,
-							size: undefined,
-							modifiedAt: undefined,
-						};
-					}
-				}),
-		);
-
-		return {
-			directories: directories.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name)),
-			path: normalizedPath,
-		};
+		const command = await runVolumeCommand(LOCAL_AGENT_ID, { name: "filesystem.browse", path: browsePath });
+		return command.result;
 	} catch (error) {
 		throw new InternalServerError(`Failed to browse filesystem: ${toMessage(error)}`);
 	}

app/test/helpers/volume.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { db } from "~/server/db/db";
 import { faker } from "@faker-js/faker";
 import { volumesTable, type VolumeInsert } from "~/server/db/schema";
+import { LOCAL_AGENT_ID } from "~/server/modules/agents/constants";
 import { ensureTestOrganization, TEST_ORG_ID } from "./organization";
 import { generateShortId } from "~/server/utils/id";
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ export const createTestVolume = async (overrides: Partial<VolumeInsert> = {}) =>
 		autoRemount: true,
 		shortId: generateShortId(),
 		type: "directory",
+		agentId: LOCAL_AGENT_ID,
 		organizationId: TEST_ORG_ID,
 		...overrides,
 	};

apps/agent/src/commands/index.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { handleBackupCancelCommand } from "./backup-cancel";
 import { handleBackupRunCommand } from "./backup-run";
 import type { ControllerCommandContext } from "../context";
 import { handleHeartbeatPingCommand } from "./heartbeat-ping";
+import { handleVolumeCommand } from "./volume";
 
 export const handleControllerCommand = (context: ControllerCommandContext, message: ControllerMessage) => {
 	switch (message.type) {
@@ -12,6 +13,9 @@ export const handleControllerCommand = (context: ControllerCommandContext, messa
 		case "backup.cancel": {
 			return handleBackupCancelCommand(context, message.payload);
 		}
+		case "volume.command": {
+			return handleVolumeCommand(context, message.payload);
+		}
 		case "heartbeat.ping": {
 			return handleHeartbeatPingCommand(context, message.payload);
 		}

apps/agent/src/commands/volume.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { afterEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+import { Effect } from "effect";
+import { fromPartial } from "@total-typescript/shoehorn";
+import {
+	parseAgentMessage,
+	type AgentWireMessage,
+	type VolumeCommandPayload,
+} from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
+import type { ControllerCommandContext } from "../context";
+
+const volumeHostMock = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+	createVolumeBackend: vi.fn(),
+	getStatFs: vi.fn(),
+	getVolumePath: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+const operationsMock = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+	browseFilesystem: vi.fn(),
+	listVolumeFiles: vi.fn(),
+	testVolumeConnection: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("../volume-host", () => volumeHostMock);
+vi.mock("../volume-host/operations", () => operationsMock);
+
+import { handleVolumeCommand } from "./volume";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+	vi.restoreAllMocks();
+	volumeHostMock.createVolumeBackend.mockReset();
+	volumeHostMock.getStatFs.mockReset();
+	volumeHostMock.getVolumePath.mockReset();
+	operationsMock.browseFilesystem.mockReset();
+	operationsMock.listVolumeFiles.mockReset();
+	operationsMock.testVolumeConnection.mockReset();
+});
+
+const runVolumeCommand = async (payload: VolumeCommandPayload) => {
+	const outboundMessages: string[] = [];
+	const context = fromPartial<ControllerCommandContext>({
+		offerOutbound: (message: AgentWireMessage) =>
+			Effect.sync(() => {
+				outboundMessages.push(message);
+				return true;
+			}),
+	});
+
+	await Effect.runPromise(handleVolumeCommand(context, payload));
+	return outboundMessages.map((message) => parseAgentMessage(message));
+};
+
+test("runs backend-backed volume commands on the agent host", async () => {
+	const mount = vi.fn(async () => ({ status: "mounted" as const }));
+	volumeHostMock.createVolumeBackend.mockReturnValue({ mount });
+
+	const messages = await runVolumeCommand(
+		fromPartial<VolumeCommandPayload>({
+			commandId: "command-1",
+			command: {
+				name: "volume.mount",
+				volume: { id: 1, config: { backend: "directory", path: "/tmp/source" }, provisioningId: undefined },
+			},
+		}),
+	);
+
+	expect(volumeHostMock.createVolumeBackend).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+		expect.objectContaining({ id: 1, config: { backend: "directory", path: "/tmp/source" }, provisioningId: null }),
+	);
+	expect(mount).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+	expect(messages[0]?.success).toBe(true);
+	if (messages[0]?.success && messages[0].data.type === "volume.commandResult") {
+		expect(messages[0].data.payload).toEqual({
+			commandId: "command-1",
+			status: "success",
+			command: { name: "volume.mount", result: { status: "mounted" } },
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+test("returns command errors without throwing", async () => {
+	operationsMock.browseFilesystem.mockRejectedValue(new Error("permission denied"));
+
+	const messages = await runVolumeCommand({
+		commandId: "command-2",
+		command: { name: "filesystem.browse", path: "/root" },
+	});
+
+	expect(messages[0]?.success).toBe(true);
+	if (messages[0]?.success && messages[0].data.type === "volume.commandResult") {
+		expect(messages[0].data.payload).toEqual({
+			commandId: "command-2",
+			status: "error",
+			error: "permission denied",
+		});
+	}
+});
+
+test("routes file listing commands to host operations", async () => {
+	operationsMock.listVolumeFiles.mockResolvedValue({
+		files: [],
+		path: "/logs",
+		offset: 0,
+		limit: 10,
+		total: 0,
+		hasMore: false,
+	});
+
+	await runVolumeCommand(
+		fromPartial<VolumeCommandPayload>({
+			commandId: "command-3",
+			command: {
+				name: "volume.listFiles",
+				volume: { id: 1, config: { backend: "directory", path: "/tmp/source" } },
+				subPath: "/logs",
+				offset: 0,
+				limit: 10,
+			},
+		}),
+	);
+
+	expect(operationsMock.listVolumeFiles).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+		expect.objectContaining({ id: 1, config: { backend: "directory", path: "/tmp/source" } }),
+		"/logs",
+		0,
+		10,
+	);
+});

apps/agent/src/commands/volume.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { Effect } from "effect";
+import {
+	createAgentMessage,
+	type VolumeCommand,
+	type VolumeCommandPayload,
+	type VolumeCommandResult,
+} from "@zerobyte/contracts/agent-protocol";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { createVolumeBackend, getStatFs, getVolumePath, type AgentVolume, type BackendConfig } from "../volume-host";
+import { browseFilesystem, listVolumeFiles, testVolumeConnection } from "../volume-host/operations";
+import type { ControllerCommandContext } from "../context";
+
+type VolumeBackedCommand = Extract<VolumeCommand, { volume: unknown }>;
+
+const asVolume = (volume: VolumeBackedCommand["volume"]): AgentVolume => ({
+	...volume,
+	config: volume.config as BackendConfig,
+	provisioningId: volume.provisioningId ?? null,
+});
+
+const runBackendOperation = async (
+	command: Extract<VolumeCommand, { volume: unknown }>,
+	operation: "mount" | "unmount" | "checkHealth",
+) => {
+	const backend = createVolumeBackend(asVolume(command.volume));
+	return backend[operation]();
+};
+
+const executeVolumeCommand = async (command: VolumeCommand): Promise<VolumeCommandResult> => {
+	switch (command.name) {
+		case "volume.mount":
+			return { name: command.name, result: await runBackendOperation(command, "mount") };
+		case "volume.unmount":
+			return { name: command.name, result: await runBackendOperation(command, "unmount") };
+		case "volume.checkHealth":
+			return { name: command.name, result: await runBackendOperation(command, "checkHealth") };
+		case "volume.statfs":
+			return { name: command.name, result: await getStatFs(getVolumePath(asVolume(command.volume))) };
+		case "volume.listFiles":
+			return {
+				name: command.name,
+				result: await listVolumeFiles(asVolume(command.volume), command.subPath, command.offset, command.limit),
+			};
+		case "volume.testConnection":
+			return { name: command.name, result: await testVolumeConnection(command.backendConfig as BackendConfig) };
+		case "filesystem.browse":
+			return { name: command.name, result: await browseFilesystem(command.path) };
+	}
+};
+
+export const handleVolumeCommand = (context: ControllerCommandContext, payload: VolumeCommandPayload) => {
+	return Effect.promise(async () => {
+		try {
+			const command = await executeVolumeCommand(payload.command);
+			await Effect.runPromise(
+				context.offerOutbound(
+					createAgentMessage("volume.commandResult", {
+						commandId: payload.commandId,
+						status: "success",
+						command,
+					}),
+				),
+			);
+		} catch (error) {
+			await Effect.runPromise(
+				context.offerOutbound(
+					createAgentMessage("volume.commandResult", {
+						commandId: payload.commandId,
+						status: "error",
+						error: toMessage(error),
+					}),
+				),
+			);
+		}
+	});
+};

apps/agent/src/index.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,32 @@
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
 import { createControllerSession, type ControllerSession } from "./controller-session";
+import { cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories } from "./volume-host/cleanup";
 
 const controllerUrl = process.env.ZEROBYTE_CONTROLLER_URL;
 const agentToken = process.env.ZEROBYTE_AGENT_TOKEN;
 const RECONNECT_DELAY_MS = 1000;
+const VOLUME_CLEANUP_INTERVAL_MS = 60 * 60 * 1000;
 
 export class Agent {
 	private ws: WebSocket | null = null;
 	private controllerSession: ControllerSession | null = null;
 	private reconnectTimeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+	private volumeCleanupInterval: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
+
+	private runVolumeCleanup() {
+		void cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories().catch((error) => {
+			logger.warn(`Agent volume cleanup failed: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error)}`);
+		});
+	}
+
+	private startVolumeCleanup() {
+		if (this.volumeCleanupInterval) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		this.runVolumeCleanup();
+		this.volumeCleanupInterval = setInterval(() => this.runVolumeCleanup(), VOLUME_CLEANUP_INTERVAL_MS);
+	}
 
 	private scheduleReconnect() {
 		if (this.reconnectTimeout) {
@@ -22,6 +40,8 @@ export class Agent {
 	}
 
 	connect() {
+		this.startVolumeCleanup();
+
 		if (this.reconnectTimeout) {
 			clearTimeout(this.reconnectTimeout);
 			this.reconnectTimeout = null;

apps/agent/src/volume-host/__tests__/cleanup.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { afterEach, expect, test, vi } from "vitest";
+
+let tempRoot: string | undefined;
+let mockMountPoints: string[] = [];
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+	vi.doUnmock("./constants");
+	vi.doUnmock("./fs");
+	vi.resetModules();
+	mockMountPoints = [];
+	if (tempRoot) {
+		await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+		tempRoot = undefined;
+	}
+});
+
+const loadCleanup = async () => {
+	vi.resetModules();
+	tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "zerobyte-agent-cleanup-"));
+	vi.doMock("./constants", () => ({ VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE: tempRoot }));
+	vi.doMock("./fs", () => ({
+		readMountInfo: async () => mockMountPoints.map((mountPoint) => ({ mountPoint, fstype: "fuse.sshfs" })),
+	}));
+
+	return import("../cleanup");
+};
+
+test("removes stale volume directories that are not mounted on the agent host", async () => {
+	const { cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories } = await loadCleanup();
+	await fs.mkdir(path.join(tempRoot!, "stale-volume", "_data"), { recursive: true });
+
+	await cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories();
+
+	await expect(fs.access(path.join(tempRoot!, "stale-volume"))).rejects.toThrow();
+});
+
+test("keeps volume directories that are still mounted on the agent host", async () => {
+	const { cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories } = await loadCleanup();
+	const localVolumeDir = path.join(tempRoot!, "mounted-volume");
+	mockMountPoints = [path.join(localVolumeDir, "_data")];
+	await fs.mkdir(path.join(localVolumeDir, "_data"), { recursive: true });
+
+	await cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories();
+
+	await expect(fs.access(localVolumeDir)).resolves.toBeNull();
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/__tests__/operations.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { afterEach, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { listVolumeFiles } from "../operations";
+import type { AgentVolume } from "../types";
+
+let tempRoot: string | undefined;
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+	if (tempRoot) {
+		await fs.rm(tempRoot, { recursive: true, force: true });
+		tempRoot = undefined;
+	}
+});
+
+const createDirectoryVolume = async (): Promise<AgentVolume> => {
+	tempRoot = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "zerobyte-volume-ops-"));
+	return {
+		id: 1,
+		shortId: "volume-1",
+		name: "Test volume",
+		config: { backend: "directory", path: tempRoot },
+		createdAt: Date.now(),
+		updatedAt: Date.now(),
+		lastHealthCheck: Date.now(),
+		type: "directory",
+		status: "mounted",
+		lastError: null,
+		provisioningId: null,
+		autoRemount: true,
+		agentId: "local",
+		organizationId: "org-1",
+	};
+};
+
+test("listVolumeFiles returns sorted paginated entries inside the volume", async () => {
+	const volume = await createDirectoryVolume();
+	await fs.mkdir(path.join(tempRoot!, "z-dir"));
+	await fs.mkdir(path.join(tempRoot!, "a-dir"));
+	await fs.writeFile(path.join(tempRoot!, "b-file.txt"), "hello");
+
+	const result = await listVolumeFiles(volume, undefined, 1, 2);
+
+	expect(result).toMatchObject({
+		path: "/",
+		offset: 1,
+		limit: 2,
+		total: 3,
+		hasMore: false,
+	});
+	expect(result.files.map((entry) => entry.name)).toEqual(["z-dir", "b-file.txt"]);
+	expect(result.files[1]).toMatchObject({ path: "/b-file.txt", type: "file", size: 5 });
+});
+
+test("listVolumeFiles rejects traversal outside the volume", async () => {
+	const volume = await createDirectoryVolume();
+
+	await expect(listVolumeFiles(volume, "../outside", 0, 10)).rejects.toThrow("Invalid path");
+});
+
+test("listVolumeFiles reports missing directories consistently", async () => {
+	const volume = await createDirectoryVolume();
+
+	await expect(listVolumeFiles(volume, "missing", 0, 10)).rejects.toThrow("Directory not found");
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/directory.ts

@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import { toMessage } from "../../../utils/errors";
 import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import type { VolumeBackend } from "../backend";
-import { BACKEND_STATUS, type BackendConfig } from "~/schemas/volumes";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import type { BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "../types";
 
-const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, _volumePath: string) => {
+const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, volumePath: string) => {
 	if (config.backend !== "directory") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Invalid backend type" };
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Invalid backend type" };
 	}
 
 	logger.info("Mounting directory volume from:", config.path);
@@ -16,33 +15,33 @@ const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, _volumePath: string) => {
 		const stats = await fs.stat(config.path);
 
 		if (!stats.isDirectory()) {
-			return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Path is not a directory" };
+			return { status: "error" as const, error: "Path is not a directory" };
 		}
 
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
 	} catch (error) {
 		logger.error("Failed to mount directory volume:", error);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
 	}
 };
 
 const unmount = async () => {
 	logger.info("Cannot unmount directory volume.");
-	return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.unmounted };
+	return { status: "unmounted" as const };
 };
 
 const checkHealth = async (config: BackendConfig) => {
 	if (config.backend !== "directory") {
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: "Invalid backend type" };
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Invalid backend type" };
 	}
 
 	try {
 		await fs.access(config.path);
 
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.mounted };
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
 	} catch (error) {
 		logger.error("Directory health check failed:", error);
-		return { status: BACKEND_STATUS.error, error: toMessage(error) };
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
 	}
 };
 

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/nfs.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT } from "../constants";
+import { withTimeout } from "../timeout";
+import { getMountForPath } from "../fs";
+import type { BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "../types";
+import { assertMounted, executeMount, executeUnmount } from "./utils";
+
+const checkHealth = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	const run = async () => {
+		await assertMounted(mountPath, (fstype) => fstype.startsWith("nfs"));
+
+		logger.debug(`NFS volume at ${mountPath} is healthy and mounted.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "NFS health check");
+	} catch (error) {
+		const message = toMessage(error);
+		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
+			logger.error("NFS volume health check failed:", message);
+		}
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: message };
+	}
+};
+
+const unmount = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("NFS unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "NFS unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
+			logger.debug(`Path ${mountPath} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
+			return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+		}
+
+		await executeUnmount(mountPath);
+		await fs.rmdir(mountPath).catch(() => {});
+
+		logger.info(`NFS volume at ${mountPath} unmounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "NFS unmount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error unmounting NFS volume", { mountPath, error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string) => {
+	logger.debug(`Mounting volume ${mountPath}...`);
+
+	if (config.backend !== "nfs") {
+		logger.error("Provided config is not for NFS backend");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Provided config is not for NFS backend" };
+	}
+
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("NFS mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "NFS mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const { status } = await checkHealth(mountPath);
+	if (status === "mounted") return { status: "mounted" as const };
+
+	if (status === "error") {
+		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${mountPath} before mounting...`);
+		await unmount(mountPath);
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		await fs.mkdir(mountPath, { recursive: true });
+		const options = [`vers=${config.version}`, `port=${config.port}`];
+		if (config.version === "3") options.push("nolock");
+		if (config.readOnly) options.push("ro");
+		const args = ["-t", "nfs", "-o", options.join(","), `${config.server}:${config.exportPath}`, mountPath];
+
+		logger.debug(`Mounting volume ${mountPath}...`);
+		logger.info(`Executing mount: mount ${args.join(" ")}`);
+
+		try {
+			await executeMount(args);
+		} catch (error) {
+			logger.warn(`Initial NFS mount failed, retrying with -i flag: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+			await executeMount(["-i", ...args]);
+		}
+
+		logger.info(`NFS volume at ${mountPath} mounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "NFS mount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error mounting NFS volume", { error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+export const makeNfsBackend = (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string): VolumeBackend => ({
+	mount: () => mount(config, mountPath),
+	unmount: () => unmount(mountPath),
+	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(mountPath),
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/rclone.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import { logger, safeExec } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT, RCLONE_CONFIG_FILE, RCLONE_TIMEOUT } from "../constants";
+import { withTimeout } from "../timeout";
+import { getMountForPath } from "../fs";
+import type { BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "../types";
+import { assertMounted, executeUnmount } from "./utils";
+
+const checkHealth = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	const run = async () => {
+		await assertMounted(mountPath, (fstype) => fstype.includes("rclone"));
+
+		logger.debug(`Rclone volume at ${mountPath} is healthy and mounted.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "Rclone health check");
+	} catch (error) {
+		const message = toMessage(error);
+		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
+			logger.error("Rclone volume health check failed:", message);
+		}
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: message };
+	}
+};
+
+const unmount = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("Rclone unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Rclone unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
+			logger.debug(`Path ${mountPath} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
+			return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+		}
+
+		await executeUnmount(mountPath);
+		await fs.rmdir(mountPath).catch(() => {});
+
+		logger.info(`Rclone volume at ${mountPath} unmounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "Rclone unmount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error unmounting rclone volume", { mountPath, error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string) => {
+	logger.debug(`Mounting rclone volume ${mountPath}...`);
+
+	if (config.backend !== "rclone") {
+		logger.error("Provided config is not for rclone backend");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Provided config is not for rclone backend" };
+	}
+
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("Rclone mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Rclone mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const { status } = await checkHealth(mountPath);
+	if (status === "mounted") return { status: "mounted" as const };
+
+	if (status === "error") {
+		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${mountPath} before mounting...`);
+		await unmount(mountPath);
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		await fs.mkdir(mountPath, { recursive: true });
+		const args = [
+			"mount",
+			`${config.remote}:${config.path}`,
+			mountPath,
+			"--daemon",
+			"--vfs-cache-mode",
+			"writes",
+			"--allow-non-empty",
+			"--allow-other",
+		];
+		if (config.readOnly) args.push("--read-only");
+
+		logger.debug(`Mounting rclone volume ${mountPath}...`);
+		logger.info(`Executing rclone: rclone ${args.join(" ")}`);
+
+		const result = await safeExec({
+			command: "rclone",
+			args,
+			env: { RCLONE_CONFIG: RCLONE_CONFIG_FILE },
+			timeout: RCLONE_TIMEOUT,
+		});
+		if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
+			const errorMsg = result.stderr.toString() || result.stdout.toString() || "Unknown error";
+			throw new Error(`Failed to mount rclone volume: ${errorMsg}`);
+		}
+
+		logger.info(`Rclone volume at ${mountPath} mounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), RCLONE_TIMEOUT, "Rclone mount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		const errorMsg = toMessage(error);
+		logger.error("Error mounting rclone volume", { error: errorMsg });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: errorMsg };
+	}
+};
+
+export const makeRcloneBackend = (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string): VolumeBackend => ({
+	mount: () => mount(config, mountPath),
+	unmount: () => unmount(mountPath),
+	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(mountPath),
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/sftp.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { FILE_MODES, logger, writeFileWithMode } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT, SSH_KEYS_DIR } from "../constants";
+import { getMountForPath } from "../fs";
+import { withTimeout } from "../timeout";
+import type { BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "../types";
+import { executeUnmount } from "./utils";
+
+const getPrivateKeyPath = (mountPath: string) => path.join(SSH_KEYS_DIR, `${path.basename(mountPath)}.key`);
+const getKnownHostsPath = (mountPath: string) => path.join(SSH_KEYS_DIR, `${path.basename(mountPath)}.known_hosts`);
+
+const runSshfs = async (args: string[], password?: string) =>
+	new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+		const child = spawn("sshfs", args, { stdio: ["pipe", "pipe", "pipe"] });
+		let stdout = "";
+		let stderr = "";
+
+		child.stdout.setEncoding("utf8");
+		child.stderr.setEncoding("utf8");
+
+		child.stdout.on("data", (data) => {
+			stdout += data;
+		});
+		child.stderr.on("data", (data) => {
+			stderr += data;
+		});
+		child.on("error", (error) => {
+			reject(new Error(`Failed to start sshfs: ${error.message}`));
+		});
+		child.on("close", (code) => {
+			if (code === 0) {
+				resolve();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			const errorMsg = stderr.trim() || stdout.trim() || "Unknown error";
+			reject(new Error(`Failed to mount SFTP volume: ${errorMsg}`));
+		});
+
+		if (password) child.stdin.write(password);
+		child.stdin.end();
+	});
+
+const checkHealth = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+	if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+	if (mount.fstype !== "fuse.sshfs") {
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: `Invalid filesystem type: ${mount.fstype} (expected fuse.sshfs)` };
+	}
+	return { status: "mounted" as const };
+};
+
+const unmount = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("SFTP unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "SFTP unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
+			logger.debug(`Path ${mountPath} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
+		} else {
+			await executeUnmount(mountPath);
+		}
+
+		await fs.unlink(getPrivateKeyPath(mountPath)).catch(() => {});
+		await fs.unlink(getKnownHostsPath(mountPath)).catch(() => {});
+		await fs.rmdir(mountPath).catch(() => {});
+
+		logger.info(`SFTP volume at ${mountPath} unmounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SFTP unmount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error unmounting SFTP volume", { mountPath, error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string) => {
+	logger.debug(`Mounting SFTP volume ${mountPath}...`);
+
+	if (config.backend !== "sftp") {
+		logger.error("Provided config is not for SFTP backend");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Provided config is not for SFTP backend" };
+	}
+
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("SFTP mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "SFTP mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const { status } = await checkHealth(mountPath);
+	if (status === "mounted") return { status: "mounted" as const };
+
+	if (status === "error") {
+		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${mountPath} before mounting...`);
+		await unmount(mountPath);
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		await fs.mkdir(mountPath, { recursive: true });
+		await fs.mkdir(SSH_KEYS_DIR, { recursive: true });
+		const { uid, gid } = os.userInfo();
+		const options = [
+			"reconnect",
+			"ServerAliveInterval=15",
+			"ServerAliveCountMax=3",
+			"allow_other",
+			`uid=${uid}`,
+			`gid=${gid}`,
+		];
+
+		if (config.skipHostKeyCheck) {
+			options.push("StrictHostKeyChecking=no", "UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null");
+		} else if (config.knownHosts) {
+			await writeFileWithMode(getKnownHostsPath(mountPath), config.knownHosts, FILE_MODES.ownerReadWrite);
+			options.push(`UserKnownHostsFile=${getKnownHostsPath(mountPath)}`, "StrictHostKeyChecking=yes");
+		} else {
+			options.push("StrictHostKeyChecking=yes");
+		}
+
+		if (config.readOnly) options.push("ro");
+		if (config.port) options.push(`port=${config.port}`);
+		if (config.privateKey) {
+			let key = config.privateKey.replace(/\r\n/g, "\n");
+			if (!key.endsWith("\n")) key += "\n";
+			await writeFileWithMode(getPrivateKeyPath(mountPath), key, FILE_MODES.ownerReadWrite);
+			options.push(`IdentityFile=${getPrivateKeyPath(mountPath)}`);
+		}
+
+		const args = [`${config.username}@${config.host}:${config.path || ""}`, mountPath, "-o", options.join(",")];
+		if (config.password) args.push("-o", "password_stdin");
+
+		logger.info(`Executing sshfs: sshfs ${args.join(" ")}`);
+		await runSshfs(args, config.password);
+
+		logger.info(`SFTP volume at ${mountPath} mounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT * 2, "SFTP mount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error mounting SFTP volume", { error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+export const makeSftpBackend = (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string): VolumeBackend => ({
+	mount: () => mount(config, mountPath),
+	unmount: () => unmount(mountPath),
+	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(mountPath),
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/smb.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT } from "../constants";
+import { withTimeout } from "../timeout";
+import { getMountForPath } from "../fs";
+import type { BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "../types";
+import { assertMounted, executeMount, executeUnmount } from "./utils";
+
+const checkHealth = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	const run = async () => {
+		await assertMounted(mountPath, (fstype) => fstype === "cifs");
+
+		logger.debug(`SMB volume at ${mountPath} is healthy and mounted.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SMB health check");
+	} catch (error) {
+		const message = toMessage(error);
+		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
+			logger.error("SMB volume health check failed:", message);
+		}
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: message };
+	}
+};
+
+const unmount = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("SMB unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "SMB unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
+			logger.debug(`Path ${mountPath} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
+			return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+		}
+
+		await executeUnmount(mountPath);
+		await fs.rmdir(mountPath).catch(() => {});
+
+		logger.info(`SMB volume at ${mountPath} unmounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SMB unmount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error unmounting SMB volume", { mountPath, error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string) => {
+	logger.debug(`Mounting SMB volume ${mountPath}...`);
+
+	if (config.backend !== "smb") {
+		logger.error("Provided config is not for SMB backend");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Provided config is not for SMB backend" };
+	}
+
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("SMB mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "SMB mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const { status } = await checkHealth(mountPath);
+	if (status === "mounted") return { status: "mounted" as const };
+
+	if (status === "error") {
+		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${mountPath} before mounting...`);
+		await unmount(mountPath);
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		await fs.mkdir(mountPath, { recursive: true });
+		const { uid, gid } = os.userInfo();
+		const options = [`port=${config.port}`, `uid=${uid}`, `gid=${gid}`, "iocharset=utf8"];
+
+		if (config.guest) {
+			options.push("username=guest", "password=");
+		} else {
+			const safePassword = (config.password ?? "").replace(/\\/g, "\\\\").replace(/,/g, "\\,");
+			options.push(`username=${config.username ?? "user"}`, `password=${safePassword}`);
+		}
+
+		if (config.domain) options.push(`domain=${config.domain}`);
+		if (config.vers && config.vers !== "auto") options.push(`vers=${config.vers}`);
+		if (config.readOnly) options.push("ro");
+
+		const source = `//${config.server}/${config.share}`;
+		const args = ["-t", "cifs", "-o", options.join(","), source, mountPath];
+
+		logger.debug(`Mounting SMB volume ${mountPath}...`);
+		logger.info(`Executing SMB mount for ${source} at ${mountPath}`);
+
+		try {
+			await executeMount(args);
+		} catch (error) {
+			logger.error(`SMB mount failed: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+			throw error;
+		}
+
+		logger.info(`SMB volume at ${mountPath} mounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "SMB mount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error mounting SMB volume", { error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+export const makeSmbBackend = (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string): VolumeBackend => ({
+	mount: () => mount(config, mountPath),
+	unmount: () => unmount(mountPath),
+	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(mountPath),
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/utils.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
-import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { safeExec } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
-import { getMountForPath } from "../../../utils/mountinfo";
+import { logger, safeExec } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { getMountForPath } from "../fs";
 
 export const executeMount = async (args: string[]): Promise<void> => {
 	const shouldBeVerbose = process.env.LOG_LEVEL === "debug" || process.env.NODE_ENV !== "production";
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ export const executeMount = async (args: string[]): Promise<void> => {
 
 	logger.debug(`Executing mount ${effectiveArgs.join(" ")}`);
 	const result = await safeExec({ command: "mount", args: effectiveArgs, timeout: 10000 });
-
 	const stdout = result.stdout.toString().trim();
 	const stderr = result.stderr.toString().trim();
 
@@ -26,37 +24,29 @@ export const executeMount = async (args: string[]): Promise<void> => {
 	throw new Error(`Mount command failed with exit code ${result.exitCode}: ${stderr || stdout || "unknown error"}`);
 };
 
-export const executeUnmount = async (path: string): Promise<void> => {
-	let stderr: string | undefined;
-
-	logger.debug(`Executing umount -l ${path}`);
-	const result = await safeExec({ command: "umount", args: ["-l", path], timeout: 10000 });
-
-	stderr = result.stderr.toString();
-
-	if (stderr?.trim()) {
-		logger.warn(stderr.trim());
-	}
+export const executeUnmount = async (mountPath: string): Promise<void> => {
+	logger.debug(`Executing umount -l ${mountPath}`);
+	const result = await safeExec({ command: "umount", args: ["-l", mountPath], timeout: 10000 });
+	const stderr = result.stderr.toString();
 
+	if (stderr.trim()) logger.warn(stderr.trim());
 	if (result.exitCode !== 0) {
-		throw new Error(`Mount command failed with exit code ${result.exitCode}: ${stderr?.trim()}`);
+		throw new Error(`Mount command failed with exit code ${result.exitCode}: ${stderr.trim()}`);
 	}
 };
 
-export const assertMounted = async (path: string, isExpectedFilesystem: (fstype: string) => boolean) => {
+export const assertMounted = async (mountPath: string, isExpectedFilesystem: (fstype: string) => boolean) => {
 	try {
-		await fs.access(path);
+		await fs.access(mountPath);
 	} catch {
 		throw new Error("Volume is not mounted");
 	}
 
-	const mount = await getMountForPath(path);
-
-	if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== path) {
+	const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+	if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
 		throw new Error("Volume is not mounted");
 	}
-
 	if (!isExpectedFilesystem(mount.fstype)) {
-		throw new Error(`Path ${path} is not mounted as correct fstype (found ${mount.fstype}).`);
+		throw new Error(`Path ${mountPath} is not mounted as correct fstype (found ${mount.fstype}).`);
 	}
 };

apps/agent/src/volume-host/backends/webdav.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { OPERATION_TIMEOUT } from "../constants";
+import { withTimeout } from "../timeout";
+import { getMountForPath } from "../fs";
+import type { BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "../types";
+import { assertMounted, executeMount, executeUnmount } from "./utils";
+
+const checkHealth = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	const run = async () => {
+		await assertMounted(mountPath, (fstype) => fstype === "fuse" || fstype === "davfs");
+
+		logger.debug(`WebDAV volume at ${mountPath} is healthy and mounted.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "WebDAV health check");
+	} catch (error) {
+		const message = toMessage(error);
+		if (message !== "Volume is not mounted") {
+			logger.error("WebDAV volume health check failed:", message);
+		}
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: message };
+	}
+};
+
+const unmount = async (mountPath: string) => {
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("WebDAV unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "WebDAV unmounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		const mount = await getMountForPath(mountPath);
+		if (!mount || mount.mountPoint !== mountPath) {
+			logger.debug(`Path ${mountPath} is not a mount point. Skipping unmount.`);
+			return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+		}
+
+		await executeUnmount(mountPath);
+		await fs.rmdir(mountPath).catch(() => {});
+
+		logger.info(`WebDAV volume at ${mountPath} unmounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "unmounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "WebDAV unmount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error("Error unmounting WebDAV volume", { mountPath, error: toMessage(error) });
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: toMessage(error) };
+	}
+};
+
+const mount = async (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string) => {
+	logger.debug(`Mounting WebDAV volume ${mountPath}...`);
+
+	if (config.backend !== "webdav") {
+		logger.error("Provided config is not for WebDAV backend");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "Provided config is not for WebDAV backend" };
+	}
+
+	if (os.platform() !== "linux") {
+		logger.error("WebDAV mounting is only supported on Linux hosts.");
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: "WebDAV mounting is only supported on Linux hosts." };
+	}
+
+	const { status } = await checkHealth(mountPath);
+	if (status === "mounted") return { status: "mounted" as const };
+
+	if (status === "error") {
+		logger.debug(`Trying to unmount any existing mounts at ${mountPath} before mounting...`);
+		await unmount(mountPath);
+	}
+
+	const run = async () => {
+		await fs.mkdir(mountPath, { recursive: true }).catch((error) => {
+			logger.warn(`Failed to create directory ${mountPath}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		});
+		const protocol = config.ssl ? "https" : "http";
+		const defaultPort = config.ssl ? 443 : 80;
+		const source = `${protocol}://${config.server}${config.port !== defaultPort ? `:${config.port}` : ""}${config.path}`;
+		const { uid, gid } = os.userInfo();
+		const options = config.readOnly
+			? [`uid=${uid}`, `gid=${gid}`, "file_mode=0444", "dir_mode=0555", "ro"]
+			: [`uid=${uid}`, `gid=${gid}`, "file_mode=0664", "dir_mode=0775"];
+
+		if (config.username && config.password) {
+			const entry = [source, config.username, config.password]
+				.map((value) => value.replace(/[\r\n\t\s]+/g, " "))
+				.join(" ");
+			await fs.appendFile("/etc/davfs2/secrets", `${entry}\n`, { mode: 0o600 });
+		}
+
+		logger.debug(`Mounting WebDAV volume ${mountPath}...`);
+
+		const args = ["-t", "davfs", "-o", options.join(","), source, mountPath];
+		try {
+			await executeMount(args);
+		} catch (error) {
+			logger.warn(`Initial WebDAV mount failed, retrying with -i flag: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+			await executeMount(["-i", ...args]);
+		}
+
+		logger.info(`WebDAV volume at ${mountPath} mounted successfully.`);
+		return { status: "mounted" as const };
+	};
+
+	try {
+		return await withTimeout(run(), OPERATION_TIMEOUT, "WebDAV mount");
+	} catch (error) {
+		const message = toMessage(error);
+		if (message.includes("already mounted")) return { status: "mounted" as const };
+
+		logger.error("Error mounting WebDAV volume", { error: message });
+
+		if (message.includes("option") && message.includes("requires argument")) {
+			return {
+				status: "error" as const,
+				error: "Invalid mount options. Please check your WebDAV server configuration.",
+			};
+		}
+		if (message.includes("connection refused") || message.includes("Connection refused")) {
+			return {
+				status: "error" as const,
+				error: "Cannot connect to WebDAV server. Please check the server address and port.",
+			};
+		}
+		if (message.includes("unauthorized") || message.includes("Unauthorized")) {
+			return { status: "error" as const, error: "Authentication failed. Please check your username and password." };
+		}
+
+		return { status: "error" as const, error: message };
+	}
+};
+
+export const makeWebdavBackend = (config: BackendConfig, mountPath: string): VolumeBackend => ({
+	mount: () => mount(config, mountPath),
+	unmount: () => unmount(mountPath),
+	checkHealth: () => checkHealth(mountPath),
+});

apps/agent/src/volume-host/cleanup.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { logger } from "@zerobyte/core/node";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE } from "./constants";
+import { readMountInfo } from "./fs";
+
+export const cleanupDanglingVolumeMountDirectories = async () => {
+	const mounts = await readMountInfo().catch((error) => {
+		logger.warn(`Failed to read mount info for volume cleanup: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		return [];
+	});
+	const mountedPaths = new Set(mounts.map((mount) => mount.mountPoint));
+	const volumeDirs = await fs.readdir(VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE).catch(() => []);
+
+	for (const dir of volumeDirs) {
+		const mountPath = path.join(VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE, dir, "_data");
+		if (mountedPaths.has(mountPath)) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const fullPath = path.join(VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE, dir);
+		logger.info(`Removing stale volume mount directory at ${fullPath}`);
+		await fs.rm(fullPath, { recursive: true, force: true }).catch((error) => {
+			logger.warn(`Failed to remove stale volume mount directory ${fullPath}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		});
+	}
+};

apps/agent/src/volume-host/constants.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import * as path from "node:path";
+
+export const OPERATION_TIMEOUT = 5000;
+export const VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE = process.env.ZEROBYTE_VOLUMES_DIR || "/var/lib/zerobyte/volumes";
+export const SSH_KEYS_DIR = "/var/lib/zerobyte/ssh";
+export const RCLONE_CONFIG_DIR = process.env.RCLONE_CONFIG_DIR || "/root/.config/rclone";
+export const RCLONE_CONFIG_FILE = path.join(RCLONE_CONFIG_DIR, "rclone.conf");
+const serverIdleTimeout = Number(process.env.SERVER_IDLE_TIMEOUT ?? 60);
+export const RCLONE_TIMEOUT = (Number.isFinite(serverIdleTimeout) ? serverIdleTimeout : 60) * 1000;

apps/agent/src/volume-host/fs.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import { isPathWithin } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+
+type MountInfo = {
+	mountPoint: string;
+	fstype: string;
+};
+
+const unescapeMount = (value: string) =>
+	value.replace(/\\([0-7]{3})/g, (_, oct) => String.fromCharCode(parseInt(oct, 8)));
+
+export const readMountInfo = async (): Promise<MountInfo[]> => {
+	const text = await fs.readFile("/proc/self/mountinfo", "utf-8");
+	const result: MountInfo[] = [];
+
+	for (const line of text.split("\n")) {
+		if (!line) continue;
+		const sep = line.indexOf(" - ");
+		if (sep === -1) continue;
+
+		const left = line.slice(0, sep).split(" ");
+		const right = line.slice(sep + 3).split(" ");
+		const mpRaw = left[4];
+		const fstype = right[0];
+
+		if (!mpRaw || !fstype) continue;
+		result.push({ mountPoint: unescapeMount(mpRaw), fstype });
+	}
+
+	return result;
+};
+
+export const getMountForPath = async (targetPath: string): Promise<MountInfo | undefined> => {
+	const mounts = await readMountInfo();
+	let best: MountInfo | undefined;
+
+	for (const mount of mounts) {
+		if (!isPathWithin(mount.mountPoint, targetPath)) continue;
+		if (!best || mount.mountPoint.length > best.mountPoint.length) {
+			best = mount;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return best;
+};
+
+export const getStatFs = async (mountPoint: string) => {
+	const stat = await fs.statfs(mountPoint, { bigint: true });
+	const unit = stat.bsize > 0n ? stat.bsize : 1n;
+	const blocks = stat.blocks > 0n ? stat.blocks : 0n;
+	let bfree = stat.bfree > 0n ? stat.bfree : 0n;
+	if (bfree > blocks) bfree = blocks;
+	const bavail = stat.bavail > 0n ? stat.bavail : 0n;
+	const max = BigInt(Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER);
+	const toNumber = (value: bigint) => (value > max ? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER : Number(value));
+
+	return {
+		total: toNumber(blocks * unit),
+		used: toNumber((blocks - bfree) * unit),
+		free: toNumber(bavail * unit),
+	};
+};
+
+export const isNodeJSErrnoException = (error: unknown): error is NodeJS.ErrnoException => {
+	return error instanceof Error && "code" in error;
+};

apps/agent/src/volume-host/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { makeDirectoryBackend } from "./backends/directory";
+import { makeNfsBackend } from "./backends/nfs";
+import { makeRcloneBackend } from "./backends/rclone";
+import { makeSftpBackend } from "./backends/sftp";
+import { makeSmbBackend } from "./backends/smb";
+import { makeWebdavBackend } from "./backends/webdav";
+import { getVolumePath } from "./paths";
+import type { AgentVolume, VolumeBackend } from "./types";
+
+export { getStatFs, isNodeJSErrnoException } from "./fs";
+export { getVolumePath } from "./paths";
+export type { AgentVolume, BackendConfig, VolumeBackend } from "./types";
+
+export const createVolumeBackend = (volume: AgentVolume, mountPath = getVolumePath(volume)): VolumeBackend => {
+	switch (volume.config.backend) {
+		case "directory":
+			return makeDirectoryBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
+		case "nfs":
+			return makeNfsBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
+		case "smb":
+			return makeSmbBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
+		case "webdav":
+			return makeWebdavBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
+		case "rclone":
+			return makeRcloneBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
+		case "sftp":
+			return makeSftpBackend(volume.config, mountPath);
+	}
+
+	throw new Error("Unsupported backend");
+};

apps/agent/src/volume-host/operations.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import * as os from "node:os";
+import * as path from "node:path";
+import { toMessage } from "@zerobyte/core/utils";
+import { createVolumeBackend, getVolumePath, isNodeJSErrnoException } from ".";
+import type { AgentVolume, BackendConfig } from "./types";
+
+const DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE = 500;
+const MAX_PAGE_SIZE = 500;
+
+export const listVolumeFiles = async (
+	volume: AgentVolume,
+	subPath?: string,
+	offset: number = 0,
+	limit: number = DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE,
+) => {
+	const volumePath = getVolumePath(volume);
+	const requestedPath = subPath ? path.join(volumePath, subPath) : volumePath;
+	const normalizedPath = path.normalize(requestedPath);
+	const relative = path.relative(volumePath, normalizedPath);
+
+	if (relative.startsWith("..") || path.isAbsolute(relative)) {
+		throw new Error("Invalid path");
+	}
+
+	const pageSize = Math.min(Math.max(limit, 1), MAX_PAGE_SIZE);
+	const startOffset = Math.max(offset, 0);
+
+	try {
+		const dirents = await fs.readdir(normalizedPath, { withFileTypes: true });
+
+		dirents.sort((a, b) => {
+			const aIsDir = a.isDirectory();
+			const bIsDir = b.isDirectory();
+
+			if (aIsDir === bIsDir) {
+				return a.name.localeCompare(b.name);
+			}
+			return aIsDir ? -1 : 1;
+		});
+
+		const total = dirents.length;
+		const paginatedDirents = dirents.slice(startOffset, startOffset + pageSize);
+
+		const entries = (
+			await Promise.all(
+				paginatedDirents.map(async (dirent) => {
+					const fullPath = path.join(normalizedPath, dirent.name);
+
+					try {
+						const stats = await fs.stat(fullPath);
+						const relativePath = path.relative(volumePath, fullPath);
+
+						return {
+							name: dirent.name,
+							path: `/${relativePath}`,
+							type: dirent.isDirectory() ? ("directory" as const) : ("file" as const),
+							size: dirent.isFile() ? stats.size : undefined,
+							modifiedAt: stats.mtimeMs,
+						};
+					} catch {
+						return null;
+					}
+				}),
+			)
+		).filter((entry) => entry !== null);
+
+		return {
+			files: entries,
+			path: subPath || "/",
+			offset: startOffset,
+			limit: pageSize,
+			total,
+			hasMore: startOffset + pageSize < total,
+		};
+	} catch (error) {
+		if (isNodeJSErrnoException(error) && error.code === "ENOENT") {
+			throw new Error("Directory not found");
+		}
+		if (toMessage(error) === "Invalid path") {
+			throw error;
+		}
+		throw new Error(`Failed to list files: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+	}
+};
+
+export const browseFilesystem = async (browsePath: string) => {
+	const normalizedPath = path.normalize(browsePath);
+	const entries = await fs.readdir(normalizedPath, { withFileTypes: true });
+
+	const directories = await Promise.all(
+		entries
+			.filter((entry) => entry.isDirectory())
+			.map(async (entry) => {
+				const fullPath = path.join(normalizedPath, entry.name);
+
+				try {
+					const stats = await fs.stat(fullPath);
+					return {
+						name: entry.name,
+						path: fullPath,
+						type: "directory" as const,
+						size: undefined,
+						modifiedAt: stats.mtimeMs,
+					};
+				} catch {
+					return {
+						name: entry.name,
+						path: fullPath,
+						type: "directory" as const,
+						size: undefined,
+						modifiedAt: undefined,
+					};
+				}
+			}),
+	);
+
+	return {
+		directories: directories.sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name)),
+		path: normalizedPath,
+	};
+};
+
+export const testVolumeConnection = async (backendConfig: BackendConfig) => {
+	const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "zerobyte-test-"));
+	try {
+		const mockVolume: AgentVolume = {
+			id: 0,
+			shortId: "test",
+			name: "test-connection",
+			config: backendConfig,
+			createdAt: Date.now(),
+			updatedAt: Date.now(),
+			lastHealthCheck: Date.now(),
+			type: backendConfig.backend,
+			status: "unmounted",
+			lastError: null,
+			provisioningId: null,
+			autoRemount: true,
+			agentId: "local",
+			organizationId: "test-org",
+		};
+
+		const backend = createVolumeBackend(mockVolume, tempDir);
+		const { error } = await backend.mount();
+
+		await backend.unmount();
+
+		return {
+			success: !error,
+			message: error ? toMessage(error) : "Connection successful",
+		};
+	} finally {
+		await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+	}
+};

apps/agent/src/volume-host/paths.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import { VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE } from "./constants";
+import type { AgentVolume } from "./types";
+
+export const getVolumePath = (volume: AgentVolume) => {
+	if (volume.config.backend === "directory") {
+		return volume.config.path;
+	}
+
+	return `${VOLUME_MOUNT_BASE}/${volume.shortId}/_data`;
+};

apps/agent/src/volume-host/timeout.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+class TimeoutError extends Error {
+	code = "ETIMEOUT";
+	constructor(message: string) {
+		super(message);
+		this.name = "TimeoutError";
+	}
+}
+
+export const withTimeout = async <T>(promise: Promise<T>, ms: number, label: string): Promise<T> => {
+	let timeout: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+	try {
+		return await Promise.race([
+			promise,
+			new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+				timeout = setTimeout(() => reject(new TimeoutError(`${label} timed out after ${ms}ms`)), ms);
+			}),
+		]);
+	} finally {
+		if (timeout) clearTimeout(timeout);
+	}
+};

apps/agent/src/volume-host/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+export type BackendStatus = "mounted" | "unmounted" | "error";
+
+type BaseConfig = { backend: string; readOnly?: boolean };
+
+export type BackendConfig =
+	| (BaseConfig & { backend: "directory"; path: string })
+	| (BaseConfig & { backend: "nfs"; server: string; exportPath: string; port: number; version: "3" | "4" | "4.1" })
+	| (BaseConfig & {
+			backend: "smb";
+			server: string;
+			share: string;
+			username?: string;
+			password?: string;
+			guest?: boolean;
+			vers?: "1.0" | "2.0" | "2.1" | "3.0" | "auto";
+			domain?: string;
+			port: number;
+	  })
+	| (BaseConfig & {
+			backend: "webdav";
+			server: string;
+			path: string;
+			username?: string;
+			password?: string;
+			port: number;
+			ssl?: boolean;
+	  })
+	| (BaseConfig & { backend: "rclone"; remote: string; path: string })
+	| (BaseConfig & {
+			backend: "sftp";
+			host: string;
+			port: number;
+			username: string;
+			password?: string;
+			privateKey?: string;
+			path: string;
+			skipHostKeyCheck?: boolean;
+			knownHosts?: string;
+	  });
+
+export type AgentVolume = {
+	id: number;
+	shortId: string;
+	name: string;
+	config: BackendConfig;
+	createdAt: number;
+	updatedAt: number;
+	lastHealthCheck: number;
+	type: string;
+	status: BackendStatus;
+	lastError: string | null;
+	provisioningId?: string | null;
+	autoRemount: boolean;
+	agentId: string;
+	organizationId: string;
+};
+
+export type OperationResult = {
+	status: BackendStatus;
+	error?: string;
+};
+
+export type VolumeBackend = {
+	mount: () => Promise<OperationResult>;
+	unmount: () => Promise<OperationResult>;
+	checkHealth: () => Promise<OperationResult>;
+};

packages/contracts/src/agent-protocol.ts

@@ -51,6 +51,111 @@ const backupCancelSchema = z.object({
 	payload: z.object({ jobId: z.string(), scheduleId: z.string() }),
 });
 
+const backendStatusSchema = z.enum(["mounted", "unmounted", "error"]);
+
+const volumeSchema = z.object({
+	id: z.number(),
+	shortId: z.string(),
+	name: z.string(),
+	path: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+	config: z.record(z.string(), z.unknown()).and(z.object({ backend: z.string() })),
+	createdAt: z.number(),
+	updatedAt: z.number(),
+	lastHealthCheck: z.number(),
+	type: z.string(),
+	status: backendStatusSchema,
+	lastError: z.string().nullable(),
+	provisioningId: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+	autoRemount: z.boolean(),
+	agentId: z.string(),
+	organizationId: z.string(),
+});
+
+const volumeOperationResultSchema = z.object({
+	status: backendStatusSchema,
+	error: z.string().optional(),
+});
+
+const statfsSchema = z.object({
+	total: z.number().optional(),
+	used: z.number().optional(),
+	free: z.number().optional(),
+});
+
+const fileEntrySchema = z.object({
+	name: z.string(),
+	path: z.string(),
+	type: z.enum(["directory", "file"]),
+	size: z.number().optional(),
+	modifiedAt: z.number().optional(),
+});
+
+const directoryEntrySchema = z.object({
+	name: z.string(),
+	path: z.string(),
+	type: z.literal("directory"),
+	size: z.undefined().optional(),
+	modifiedAt: z.number().optional(),
+});
+
+const volumeCommandSchema = z.discriminatedUnion("name", [
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.mount"), volume: volumeSchema }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.unmount"), volume: volumeSchema }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.checkHealth"), volume: volumeSchema }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.statfs"), volume: volumeSchema }),
+	z.object({
+		name: z.literal("volume.listFiles"),
+		volume: volumeSchema,
+		subPath: z.string().optional(),
+		offset: z.number(),
+		limit: z.number(),
+	}),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.testConnection"), backendConfig: z.record(z.string(), z.unknown()) }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("filesystem.browse"), path: z.string() }),
+]);
+
+const volumeCommandRequestSchema = z.object({
+	type: z.literal("volume.command"),
+	payload: z.object({
+		commandId: z.string(),
+		command: volumeCommandSchema,
+	}),
+});
+
+const volumeCommandResultSchema = z.discriminatedUnion("name", [
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.mount"), result: volumeOperationResultSchema }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.unmount"), result: volumeOperationResultSchema }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.checkHealth"), result: volumeOperationResultSchema }),
+	z.object({ name: z.literal("volume.statfs"), result: statfsSchema }),
+	z.object({
+		name: z.literal("volume.listFiles"),
+		result: z.object({
+			files: z.array(fileEntrySchema),
+			path: z.string(),
+			offset: z.number(),
+			limit: z.number(),
+			total: z.number(),
+			hasMore: z.boolean(),
+		}),
+	}),
+	z.object({
+		name: z.literal("volume.testConnection"),
+		result: z.object({ success: z.boolean(), message: z.string() }),
+	}),
+	z.object({
+		name: z.literal("filesystem.browse"),
+		result: z.object({ directories: z.array(directoryEntrySchema), path: z.string() }),
+	}),
+]);
+
+const volumeCommandResponseSchema = z.object({
+	type: z.literal("volume.commandResult"),
+	payload: z.discriminatedUnion("status", [
+		z.object({ commandId: z.string(), status: z.literal("success"), command: volumeCommandResultSchema }),
+		z.object({ commandId: z.string(), status: z.literal("error"), error: z.string() }),
+	]),
+});
+
 const heartbeatPingSchema = z.object({
 	type: z.literal("heartbeat.ping"),
 	payload: z.object({ sentAt: z.number() }),
@@ -113,6 +218,7 @@ const heartbeatPongSchema = z.object({
 const controllerMessageSchema = z.discriminatedUnion("type", [
 	backupRunSchema,
 	backupCancelSchema,
+	volumeCommandRequestSchema,
 	heartbeatPingSchema,
 ]);
 const agentMessageSchema = z.discriminatedUnion("type", [
@@ -122,6 +228,7 @@ const agentMessageSchema = z.discriminatedUnion("type", [
 	backupCompletedSchema,
 	backupFailedSchema,
 	backupCancelledSchema,
+	volumeCommandResponseSchema,
 	heartbeatPongSchema,
 ]);
 
@@ -132,6 +239,10 @@ export type BackupProgressPayload = z.infer<typeof backupProgressSchema>["payloa
 export type BackupCompletedPayload = z.infer<typeof backupCompletedSchema>["payload"];
 export type BackupFailedPayload = z.infer<typeof backupFailedSchema>["payload"];
 export type BackupCancelledPayload = z.infer<typeof backupCancelledSchema>["payload"];
+export type VolumeCommandPayload = z.infer<typeof volumeCommandRequestSchema>["payload"];
+export type VolumeCommand = z.infer<typeof volumeCommandSchema>;
+export type VolumeCommandResult = z.infer<typeof volumeCommandResultSchema>;
+export type VolumeCommandResponsePayload = z.infer<typeof volumeCommandResponseSchema>["payload"];
 export type ControllerMessage = z.infer<typeof controllerMessageSchema>;
 export type AgentMessage = z.infer<typeof agentMessageSchema>;