diff --git a/app/server/jobs/backup-execution.ts b/app/server/jobs/backup-execution.ts
index 41a37594..7328fd05 100644
--- a/app/server/jobs/backup-execution.ts
+++ b/app/server/jobs/backup-execution.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { Job } from "../core/scheduler";
-import { backupsService } from "../modules/backups/backups.service";
+import { backupsExecutionService } from "../modules/backups/backups.execution";
 import { logger } from "../utils/logger";
 import { db } from "../db/db";
 import { withContext } from "../core/request-context";
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export class BackupExecutionJob extends Job {
 
 		for (const org of organizations) {
 			await withContext({ organizationId: org.id }, async () => {
-				const scheduleIds = await backupsService.getSchedulesToExecute();
+				const scheduleIds = await backupsExecutionService.getSchedulesToExecute();
 
 				if (scheduleIds.length === 0) {
 					return;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export class BackupExecutionJob extends Job {
 				logger.info(`Found ${scheduleIds.length} backup schedule(s) to execute for organization ${org.name}`);
 
 				for (const scheduleId of scheduleIds) {
-					backupsService.executeBackup(scheduleId).catch((err) => {
+					backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(scheduleId).catch((err: Error) => {
 						logger.error(`Error executing backup for schedule ${scheduleId}:`, err);
 					});
 				}
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.execution.test.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.execution.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0e03207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.execution.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+import waitForExpect from "wait-for-expect";
+import { test, describe, mock, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, spyOn } from "bun:test";
+import { backupsService } from "../backups.service";
+import { backupsExecutionService } from "../backups.execution";
+import { createTestVolume } from "~/test/helpers/volume";
+import { createTestBackupSchedule } from "~/test/helpers/backup";
+import { createTestRepository } from "~/test/helpers/repository";
+import { createTestBackupScheduleMirror } from "~/test/helpers/backup-mirror";
+import { generateBackupOutput } from "~/test/helpers/restic";
+import { TEST_ORG_ID } from "~/test/helpers/organization";
+import * as context from "~/server/core/request-context";
+import * as spawnModule from "~/server/utils/spawn";
+import { restic } from "~/server/utils/restic";
+import { NotFoundError, BadRequestError } from "http-errors-enhanced";
+
+const resticBackupMock = mock(() => Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, summary: generateBackupOutput(), error: "" }));
+const resticForgetMock = mock(() => Promise.resolve({ success: true }));
+const resticCopyMock = mock(() => Promise.resolve({ success: true, output: "" }));
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+	resticBackupMock.mockClear();
+	resticForgetMock.mockClear();
+	resticCopyMock.mockClear();
+	spyOn(spawnModule, "safeSpawn").mockImplementation(resticBackupMock);
+	spyOn(restic, "forget").mockImplementation(resticForgetMock);
+	spyOn(restic, "copy").mockImplementation(resticCopyMock);
+	spyOn(context, "getOrganizationId").mockReturnValue(TEST_ORG_ID);
+});
+
+afterEach(() => {
+	mock.restore();
+});
+
+describe("backup execution - validation failures", () => {
+	test("should fail backup when volume is not mounted", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume({ status: "unmounted" });
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await backupsExecutionService.validateBackupExecution(schedule.id);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result.type).toBe("failure");
+		if (result.type === "failure") {
+			expect(result.error).toBeInstanceOf(BadRequestError);
+			expect(result.error.message).toBe("Volume is not mounted");
+		}
+		expect(resticBackupMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	test("should fail backup when volume does not exist", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: 99999,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await backupsExecutionService.validateBackupExecution(schedule.id);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result.type).toBe("failure");
+		if (result.type === "failure") {
+			expect(result.error).toBeInstanceOf(NotFoundError);
+			expect(result.error.message).toBe("Volume not found");
+			expect(result.partialContext?.schedule).toBeDefined();
+		}
+	});
+
+	test("should fail backup when repository does not exist", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: "non-existent-repo",
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await backupsExecutionService.validateBackupExecution(schedule.id);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result.type).toBe("failure");
+		if (result.type === "failure") {
+			expect(result.error).toBeInstanceOf(NotFoundError);
+			expect(result.error.message).toBe("Repository not found");
+			expect(result.partialContext?.schedule).toBeDefined();
+			expect(result.partialContext?.volume).toBeDefined();
+		}
+	});
+
+	test("should fail backup when schedule does not exist", async () => {
+		// act
+		const result = await backupsExecutionService.validateBackupExecution(99999);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result.type).toBe("failure");
+		if (result.type === "failure") {
+			expect(result.error).toBeInstanceOf(NotFoundError);
+			expect(result.error.message).toBe("Backup schedule not found");
+		}
+	});
+});
+
+describe("stop backup", () => {
+	test("should stop a running backup", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+		});
+
+		resticBackupMock.mockImplementation(async () => {
+			await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 500));
+			return { exitCode: 0, summary: generateBackupOutput(), error: "" };
+		});
+
+		void backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+
+		await waitForExpect(async () => {
+			const runningSchedule = await backupsService.getScheduleById(schedule.id);
+			expect(runningSchedule.lastBackupStatus).toBe("in_progress");
+		});
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.stopBackup(schedule.id);
+
+		// assert
+		const updatedSchedule = await backupsService.getScheduleById(schedule.id);
+		expect(updatedSchedule.lastBackupStatus).toBe("warning");
+		expect(updatedSchedule.lastBackupError).toBe("Backup was stopped by user");
+	});
+
+	test("should throw ConflictError when trying to stop non-running backup", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+		});
+
+		// act & assert
+		expect(backupsExecutionService.stopBackup(schedule.id)).rejects.toThrow(
+			"No backup is currently running for this schedule",
+		);
+	});
+
+	test("should throw NotFoundError when schedule does not exist", async () => {
+		// act & assert
+		expect(backupsExecutionService.stopBackup(99999)).rejects.toThrow("Backup schedule not found");
+	});
+});
+
+describe("retention policy - runForget", () => {
+	test("should execute forget with retention policy", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			retentionPolicy: {
+				keepHourly: 24,
+				keepDaily: 7,
+				keepWeekly: 4,
+				keepMonthly: 12,
+				keepYearly: 3,
+			},
+		});
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.runForget(schedule.id);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(resticForgetMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			repository.config,
+			expect.objectContaining({
+				keepHourly: 24,
+				keepDaily: 7,
+				keepWeekly: 4,
+				keepMonthly: 12,
+				keepYearly: 3,
+			}),
+			expect.objectContaining({
+				tag: schedule.shortId,
+				organizationId: TEST_ORG_ID,
+			}),
+		);
+	});
+
+	test("should throw BadRequestError if no retention policy configured", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const repository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			retentionPolicy: undefined,
+		});
+
+		// act & assert
+		expect(backupsExecutionService.runForget(schedule.id)).rejects.toThrow(
+			"No retention policy configured for this schedule",
+		);
+	});
+
+	test("should throw NotFoundError when schedule does not exist", async () => {
+		// act & assert
+		expect(backupsExecutionService.runForget(99999)).rejects.toThrow("Backup schedule not found");
+	});
+
+	test("should throw NotFoundError when repository does not exist", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			repositoryId: "non-existent-repo",
+			retentionPolicy: {
+				keepHourly: 24,
+			},
+		});
+
+		// act & assert
+		expect(backupsExecutionService.runForget(schedule.id)).rejects.toThrow("Repository not found");
+	});
+});
+
+describe("mirror operations", () => {
+	test("should copy snapshots to mirror repositories", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const sourceRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const mirrorRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: sourceRepository.id,
+		});
+
+		await createTestBackupScheduleMirror(schedule.id, mirrorRepository.id);
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.copyToMirrors(schedule.id, sourceRepository, null);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(resticCopyMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			sourceRepository.config,
+			mirrorRepository.config,
+			expect.objectContaining({
+				tag: schedule.shortId,
+				organizationId: TEST_ORG_ID,
+			}),
+		);
+	});
+
+	test("should skip disabled mirrors", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const sourceRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const mirrorRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: sourceRepository.id,
+		});
+
+		await createTestBackupScheduleMirror(schedule.id, mirrorRepository.id, { enabled: false });
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.copyToMirrors(schedule.id, sourceRepository, null);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(resticCopyMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+
+	test("should update mirror status on success", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const sourceRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const mirrorRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: sourceRepository.id,
+		});
+
+		const mirror = await createTestBackupScheduleMirror(schedule.id, mirrorRepository.id);
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.copyToMirrors(schedule.id, sourceRepository, null);
+
+		// assert
+		const mirrors = await backupsService.getMirrors(schedule.id);
+		const updatedMirror = mirrors.find((m) => m.id === mirror.id);
+		expect(updatedMirror?.lastCopyStatus).toBe("success");
+		expect(updatedMirror?.lastCopyError).toBeNull();
+		expect(updatedMirror?.lastCopyAt).not.toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	test("should update mirror status on failure", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const sourceRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const mirrorRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: sourceRepository.id,
+		});
+
+		const mirror = await createTestBackupScheduleMirror(schedule.id, mirrorRepository.id);
+
+		resticCopyMock.mockImplementationOnce(() => Promise.reject(new Error("Copy failed")));
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.copyToMirrors(schedule.id, sourceRepository, null);
+
+		// assert
+		const mirrors = await backupsService.getMirrors(schedule.id);
+		const updatedMirror = mirrors.find((m) => m.id === mirror.id);
+		expect(updatedMirror?.lastCopyStatus).toBe("error");
+		expect(updatedMirror?.lastCopyError).toBe("Copy failed");
+		expect(updatedMirror?.lastCopyAt).not.toBeNull();
+	});
+
+	test("should run forget on mirror after successful copy when retention policy exists", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const sourceRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const mirrorRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: sourceRepository.id,
+			retentionPolicy: { keepHourly: 24, keepDaily: 7 },
+		});
+
+		await createTestBackupScheduleMirror(schedule.id, mirrorRepository.id);
+
+		resticCopyMock.mockClear();
+		resticCopyMock.mockImplementation(() => Promise.resolve({ success: true, output: "" }));
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.copyToMirrors(schedule.id, sourceRepository, schedule.retentionPolicy);
+
+		await waitForExpect(() => {
+			expect(resticCopyMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		// assert
+		expect(resticForgetMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+			mirrorRepository.config,
+			expect.objectContaining({ keepHourly: 24, keepDaily: 7 }),
+			expect.objectContaining({ tag: schedule.shortId, organizationId: TEST_ORG_ID }),
+		);
+	});
+
+	test("should not run forget on mirror when no retention policy", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const volume = await createTestVolume();
+		const sourceRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const mirrorRepository = await createTestRepository();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: sourceRepository.id,
+			retentionPolicy: undefined,
+		});
+
+		await createTestBackupScheduleMirror(schedule.id, mirrorRepository.id);
+
+		resticForgetMock.mockClear();
+
+		// act
+		await backupsExecutionService.copyToMirrors(schedule.id, sourceRepository, schedule.retentionPolicy);
+
+		await waitForExpect(() => {
+			expect(resticCopyMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		// assert
+		expect(resticForgetMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+	});
+});
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.patterns.test.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.patterns.test.ts
index 811daae2..841a71f6 100644
--- a/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.patterns.test.ts
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.patterns.test.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { test, describe, mock, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, spyOn } from "bun:test";
-import { backupsService } from "../backups.service";
 import { createTestVolume } from "~/test/helpers/volume";
 import { createTestBackupSchedule } from "~/test/helpers/backup";
 import { createTestRepository } from "~/test/helpers/repository";
@@ -9,6 +8,7 @@ import { restic } from "~/server/utils/restic";
 import path from "node:path";
 import { TEST_ORG_ID } from "~/test/helpers/organization";
 import * as context from "~/server/core/request-context";
+import { backupsExecutionService } from "../backups.execution";
 
 const backupMock = mock(() => Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, result: JSON.parse(generateBackupOutput()) }));
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe("executeBackup - include / exclude patterns", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(backupMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe("executeBackup - include / exclude patterns", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(backupMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe("executeBackup - include / exclude patterns", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(backupMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
@@ -124,15 +124,15 @@ describe("executeBackup - include / exclude patterns", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(backupMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
 			expect.anything(),
 			getVolumePath(volume),
-			expect.not.objectContaining({
-				include: expect.anything(),
-				exclude: expect.anything(),
+			expect.objectContaining({
+				include: [],
+				exclude: [],
 			}),
 		);
 	});
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.queries.test.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.queries.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2427cc3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.queries.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+import { test, describe, expect, beforeEach } from "bun:test";
+import { scheduleQueries } from "../backups.queries";
+import { createTestBackupSchedule } from "~/test/helpers/backup";
+import { createTestVolume } from "~/test/helpers/volume";
+import { createTestRepository } from "~/test/helpers/repository";
+import { TEST_ORG_ID } from "~/test/helpers/organization";
+import { faker } from "@faker-js/faker";
+
+describe("scheduleQueries.findExecutable", () => {
+	let volume: { id: number };
+	let repository: { id: string };
+
+	beforeEach(async () => {
+		volume = await createTestVolume();
+		repository = await createTestRepository();
+	});
+
+	test("should return enabled schedules with null nextBackupAt", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: null,
+			lastBackupStatus: null,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should return enabled schedules with past nextBackupAt", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const pastTime = faker.date.past().getTime();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: pastTime,
+			lastBackupStatus: null,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should not return schedules with future nextBackupAt", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const futureTime = faker.date.future().getTime();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: futureTime,
+			lastBackupStatus: null,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).not.toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should not return disabled schedules", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: false,
+			nextBackupAt: null,
+			lastBackupStatus: null,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).not.toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should not return schedules with in_progress status", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: null,
+			lastBackupStatus: "in_progress",
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).not.toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should return schedules with success status and past nextBackupAt", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const pastTime = faker.date.past().getTime();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: pastTime,
+			lastBackupStatus: "success",
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should return schedules with error status and null nextBackupAt", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: null,
+			lastBackupStatus: "error",
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should not return schedules from other organizations", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		const otherOrgId = faker.string.uuid();
+		const schedule = await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: null,
+			lastBackupStatus: null,
+			organizationId: otherOrgId,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result).not.toContain(schedule.id);
+	});
+
+	test("should only return schedule IDs", async () => {
+		// arrange
+		await createTestBackupSchedule({
+			volumeId: volume.id,
+			repositoryId: repository.id,
+			enabled: true,
+			nextBackupAt: null,
+			lastBackupStatus: null,
+		});
+
+		// act
+		const result = await scheduleQueries.findExecutable(TEST_ORG_ID);
+
+		// assert
+		expect(result.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+		for (const id of result) {
+			expect(typeof id).toBe("number");
+		}
+	});
+});
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.service.test.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.service.test.ts
index ecfbc939..5570a6ef 100644
--- a/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.service.test.ts
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/__tests__/backups.service.test.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import waitForExpect from "wait-for-expect";
 import { test, describe, mock, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, spyOn } from "bun:test";
 import { backupsService } from "../backups.service";
 import { createTestVolume } from "~/test/helpers/volume";
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ import { faker } from "@faker-js/faker";
 import * as spawnModule from "~/server/utils/spawn";
 import { TEST_ORG_ID } from "~/test/helpers/organization";
 import * as context from "~/server/core/request-context";
+import { backupsExecutionService } from "../backups.execution";
 
 const resticBackupMock = mock(() => Promise.resolve({ exitCode: 0, summary: "", error: "" }));
 
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ describe("execute backup", () => {
 		);
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		const updatedSchedule = await backupsService.getScheduleById(schedule.id);
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ describe("execute backup", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(resticBackupMock).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ describe("execute backup", () => {
 		);
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id, true);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id, true);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(resticBackupMock).toHaveBeenCalled();
@@ -104,9 +106,13 @@ describe("execute backup", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		void backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
-		await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 10));
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		void backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+
+		await waitForExpect(() => {
+			expect(resticBackupMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+		});
+
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		expect(resticBackupMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
@@ -126,7 +132,7 @@ describe("execute backup", () => {
 		);
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		const updatedSchedule = await backupsService.getScheduleById(schedule.id);
@@ -147,7 +153,7 @@ describe("execute backup", () => {
 		);
 
 		// act
-		await backupsService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
+		await backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(schedule.id);
 
 		// assert
 		const updatedSchedule = await backupsService.getScheduleById(schedule.id);
@@ -171,7 +177,7 @@ describe("getSchedulesToExecute", () => {
 		});
 
 		// act
-		const schedulesToExecute = await backupsService.getSchedulesToExecute();
+		const schedulesToExecute = await backupsExecutionService.getSchedulesToExecute();
 
 		// assert
 		expect(schedulesToExecute).toContain(schedule.id);
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/backup.helpers.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/backup.helpers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed3d5ca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/backup.helpers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import CronExpressionParser from "cron-parser";
+import path from "node:path";
+import type { BackupSchedule } from "~/server/db/schema";
+import { toMessage } from "~/server/utils/errors";
+import { logger } from "~/server/utils/logger";
+
+export const calculateNextRun = (cronExpression: string) => {
+	try {
+		const interval = CronExpressionParser.parse(cronExpression, {
+			currentDate: new Date(),
+			tz: Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().timeZone,
+		});
+		return interval.next().getTime();
+	} catch (error) {
+		logger.error(`Failed to parse cron expression "${cronExpression}": ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		const fallback = new Date();
+		fallback.setMinutes(fallback.getMinutes() + 1);
+		return fallback.getTime();
+	}
+};
+
+export const processPattern = (pattern: string, volumePath: string) => {
+	const isNegated = pattern.startsWith("!");
+	const p = isNegated ? pattern.slice(1) : pattern;
+
+	const relative = path.relative(volumePath, p);
+	const isInsideVolume = !relative.startsWith("..") && !path.isAbsolute(relative);
+
+	if (isInsideVolume || !p.startsWith("/")) {
+		return pattern;
+	}
+
+	const processed = path.join(volumePath, p.slice(1));
+	return isNegated ? `!${processed}` : processed;
+};
+
+export const createBackupOptions = (schedule: BackupSchedule, volumePath: string, signal: AbortSignal) => ({
+	tags: [schedule.shortId],
+	oneFileSystem: schedule.oneFileSystem,
+	signal,
+	exclude: schedule.excludePatterns ? schedule.excludePatterns.map((p) => processPattern(p, volumePath)) : undefined,
+	excludeIfPresent: schedule.excludeIfPresent ?? undefined,
+	include: schedule.includePatterns ? schedule.includePatterns.map((p) => processPattern(p, volumePath)) : undefined,
+});
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/backups.controller.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.controller.ts
index d99481de..84473978 100644
--- a/app/server/modules/backups/backups.controller.ts
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.controller.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ import {
 } from "../notifications/notifications.dto";
 import { notificationsService } from "../notifications/notifications.service";
 import { requireAuth } from "../auth/auth.middleware";
+import { backupsExecutionService } from "./backups.execution";
+import { logger } from "~/server/utils/logger";
 
 export const backupScheduleController = new Hono()
 	.use(requireAuth)
@@ -83,21 +85,31 @@ export const backupScheduleController = new Hono()
 	})
 	.post("/:scheduleId/run", runBackupNowDto, async (c) => {
 		const scheduleId = c.req.param("scheduleId");
-		backupsService.executeBackup(Number(scheduleId), true).catch((err) => {
-			console.error(`Error executing manual backup for schedule ${scheduleId}:`, err);
+		const result = await backupsExecutionService.validateBackupExecution(Number(scheduleId), true);
+
+		if (result.type === "failure") {
+			throw result.error;
+		}
+
+		if (result.type === "skipped") {
+			return c.json<RunBackupNowDto>({ success: true }, 200);
+		}
+
+		backupsExecutionService.executeBackup(Number(scheduleId), true).catch((err) => {
+			logger.error(`Error executing manual backup for schedule ${scheduleId}:`, err);
 		});
 
 		return c.json<RunBackupNowDto>({ success: true }, 200);
 	})
 	.post("/:scheduleId/stop", stopBackupDto, async (c) => {
 		const scheduleId = c.req.param("scheduleId");
-		await backupsService.stopBackup(Number(scheduleId));
+		await backupsExecutionService.stopBackup(Number(scheduleId));
 
 		return c.json<StopBackupDto>({ success: true }, 200);
 	})
 	.post("/:scheduleId/forget", runForgetDto, async (c) => {
 		const scheduleId = c.req.param("scheduleId");
-		await backupsService.runForget(Number(scheduleId));
+		await backupsExecutionService.runForget(Number(scheduleId));
 
 		return c.json<RunForgetDto>({ success: true }, 200);
 	})
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/backups.execution.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.execution.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93947fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.execution.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+import { NotFoundError, BadRequestError, ConflictError } from "http-errors-enhanced";
+import type { BackupSchedule, Volume, Repository } from "../../db/schema";
+import { restic } from "../../utils/restic";
+import { logger } from "../../utils/logger";
+import { cache } from "../../utils/cache";
+import { getVolumePath } from "../volumes/helpers";
+import { toMessage } from "../../utils/errors";
+import { serverEvents } from "../../core/events";
+import { notificationsService } from "../notifications/notifications.service";
+import { repoMutex } from "../../core/repository-mutex";
+import { getOrganizationId } from "~/server/core/request-context";
+import { scheduleQueries, mirrorQueries, repositoryQueries } from "./backups.queries";
+import { calculateNextRun, createBackupOptions } from "./backup.helpers";
+
+const runningBackups = new Map<number, AbortController>();
+
+interface BackupContext {
+	schedule: BackupSchedule;
+	volume: Volume;
+	repository: Repository;
+	organizationId: string;
+}
+type ValidationSuccess = {
+	type: "success";
+	context: BackupContext;
+};
+type ValidationFailure = {
+	type: "failure";
+	error: Error;
+	partialContext?: Partial<BackupContext>;
+};
+type ValidationSkipped = {
+	type: "skipped";
+	reason: string;
+};
+type ValidationResult = ValidationSuccess | ValidationFailure | ValidationSkipped;
+
+const validateBackupExecution = async (scheduleId: number, manual = false): Promise<ValidationResult> => {
+	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
+	const result = await scheduleQueries.findById(scheduleId, organizationId);
+
+	if (!result) {
+		return { type: "failure", error: new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found") };
+	}
+
+	const { volume, repository, ...schedule } = result;
+
+	if (!schedule) {
+		return { type: "failure", error: new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found") };
+	}
+
+	if (!schedule.enabled && !manual) {
+		logger.info(`Backup schedule ${scheduleId} is disabled. Skipping execution.`);
+		return { type: "skipped", reason: "Backup schedule is disabled" };
+	}
+
+	if (schedule.lastBackupStatus === "in_progress") {
+		logger.info(`Backup schedule ${scheduleId} is already in progress. Skipping execution.`);
+		return { type: "skipped", reason: "Backup is already in progress" };
+	}
+
+	if (!volume) {
+		return { type: "failure", error: new NotFoundError("Volume not found"), partialContext: { schedule } };
+	}
+
+	if (!repository) {
+		return { type: "failure", error: new NotFoundError("Repository not found"), partialContext: { schedule, volume } };
+	}
+
+	if (volume.status !== "mounted") {
+		return {
+			type: "failure",
+			error: new BadRequestError("Volume is not mounted"),
+			partialContext: { schedule, volume, repository },
+		};
+	}
+
+	return {
+		type: "success",
+		context: { schedule, volume, repository, organizationId },
+	};
+};
+
+const emitBackupStarted = (ctx: BackupContext, scheduleId: number) => {
+	logger.info(
+		`Starting backup ${ctx.schedule.name} for volume ${ctx.volume.name} to repository ${ctx.repository.name}`,
+	);
+
+	serverEvents.emit("backup:started", {
+		organizationId: ctx.organizationId,
+		scheduleId,
+		volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+		repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+	});
+
+	notificationsService
+		.sendBackupNotification(scheduleId, "start", {
+			volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+			repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+			scheduleName: ctx.schedule.name,
+		})
+		.catch((error) => {
+			logger.error(`Failed to send backup start notification: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		});
+};
+
+const runBackupOperation = async (ctx: BackupContext, signal: AbortSignal) => {
+	const volumePath = getVolumePath(ctx.volume);
+	const backupOptions = createBackupOptions(ctx.schedule, volumePath, signal);
+
+	const releaseBackupLock = await repoMutex.acquireShared(ctx.repository.id, `backup:${ctx.volume.name}`, signal);
+
+	try {
+		const result = await restic.backup(ctx.repository.config, volumePath, {
+			...backupOptions,
+			compressionMode: ctx.repository.compressionMode ?? "auto",
+			organizationId: ctx.organizationId,
+			onProgress: (progress) => {
+				serverEvents.emit("backup:progress", {
+					organizationId: ctx.organizationId,
+					scheduleId: ctx.schedule.id,
+					volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+					repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+					...progress,
+				});
+			},
+		});
+		return result.exitCode;
+	} finally {
+		releaseBackupLock();
+	}
+};
+
+const finalizeSuccessfulBackup = async (ctx: BackupContext, scheduleId: number, exitCode: number) => {
+	const finalStatus = exitCode === 0 ? "success" : "warning";
+
+	if (ctx.schedule.retentionPolicy) {
+		void runForget(scheduleId).catch((error) => {
+			logger.error(`Failed to run retention policy for schedule ${scheduleId}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		});
+	}
+
+	void copyToMirrors(scheduleId, ctx.repository, ctx.schedule.retentionPolicy).catch((error) => {
+		logger.error(`Background mirror copy failed for schedule ${scheduleId}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+	});
+
+	cache.delByPrefix(`snapshots:${ctx.repository.id}:`);
+
+	const nextBackupAt = calculateNextRun(ctx.schedule.cronExpression);
+	await scheduleQueries.updateStatus(scheduleId, ctx.organizationId, {
+		lastBackupAt: Date.now(),
+		lastBackupStatus: finalStatus,
+		lastBackupError: null,
+		nextBackupAt,
+	});
+
+	if (finalStatus === "warning") {
+		logger.warn(
+			`Backup ${ctx.schedule.name} completed with warnings for volume ${ctx.volume.name} to repository ${ctx.repository.name}`,
+		);
+	} else {
+		logger.info(
+			`Backup ${ctx.schedule.name} completed successfully for volume ${ctx.volume.name} to repository ${ctx.repository.name}`,
+		);
+	}
+
+	serverEvents.emit("backup:completed", {
+		organizationId: ctx.organizationId,
+		scheduleId,
+		volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+		repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+		status: finalStatus,
+	});
+
+	notificationsService
+		.sendBackupNotification(scheduleId, finalStatus, {
+			volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+			repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+			scheduleName: ctx.schedule.name,
+		})
+		.catch((error) => {
+			logger.error(`Failed to send backup success notification: ${toMessage(error)}`);
+		});
+};
+
+const handleValidationResult = async (scheduleId: number, result: ValidationFailure | ValidationSkipped) => {
+	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
+
+	if (result.type === "skipped") {
+		logger.info(`Backup execution for schedule ${scheduleId} was skipped: ${result.reason}`);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	await handleBackupFailure(scheduleId, organizationId, result.error, result.partialContext);
+};
+
+const handleBackupFailure = async (
+	scheduleId: number,
+	organizationId: string,
+	error: unknown,
+	partialContext?: Partial<BackupContext>,
+): Promise<void> => {
+	const errorMessage = toMessage(error);
+
+	await scheduleQueries.updateStatus(scheduleId, organizationId, {
+		lastBackupAt: Date.now(),
+		lastBackupStatus: "error",
+		lastBackupError: errorMessage,
+	});
+
+	if (partialContext?.schedule && partialContext?.volume && partialContext?.repository) {
+		const ctx = partialContext as BackupContext;
+
+		logger.error(
+			`Backup ${ctx.schedule.name} failed for volume ${ctx.volume.name} to repository ${ctx.repository.name}: ${errorMessage}`,
+		);
+
+		serverEvents.emit("backup:completed", {
+			organizationId,
+			scheduleId,
+			volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+			repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+			status: "error",
+		});
+
+		notificationsService
+			.sendBackupNotification(scheduleId, "failure", {
+				volumeName: ctx.volume.name,
+				repositoryName: ctx.repository.name,
+				scheduleName: ctx.schedule.name,
+				error: errorMessage,
+			})
+			.catch((notifError) => {
+				logger.error(`Failed to send backup failure notification: ${toMessage(notifError)}`);
+			});
+	}
+};
+
+const executeBackup = async (scheduleId: number, manual = false): Promise<void> => {
+	const result = await validateBackupExecution(scheduleId, manual);
+
+	if (result.type !== "success") {
+		return handleValidationResult(scheduleId, result);
+	}
+
+	const { context: ctx } = result;
+	emitBackupStarted(ctx, scheduleId);
+
+	const nextBackupAt = calculateNextRun(ctx.schedule.cronExpression);
+
+	await scheduleQueries.updateStatus(scheduleId, ctx.organizationId, {
+		lastBackupStatus: "in_progress",
+		lastBackupError: null,
+		nextBackupAt,
+	});
+
+	const abortController = new AbortController();
+	runningBackups.set(scheduleId, abortController);
+
+	try {
+		const exitCode = await runBackupOperation(ctx, abortController.signal);
+		await finalizeSuccessfulBackup(ctx, scheduleId, exitCode);
+	} catch (error) {
+		await handleBackupFailure(scheduleId, ctx.organizationId, error, ctx);
+	} finally {
+		runningBackups.delete(scheduleId);
+	}
+};
+
+const getSchedulesToExecute = async () => {
+	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
+	return scheduleQueries.findExecutable(organizationId);
+};
+
+const stopBackup = async (scheduleId: number) => {
+	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
+	const schedule = await scheduleQueries.findById(scheduleId, organizationId);
+
+	if (!schedule) {
+		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
+	}
+
+	try {
+		const abortController = runningBackups.get(scheduleId);
+		if (!abortController) {
+			throw new ConflictError("No backup is currently running for this schedule");
+		}
+
+		logger.info(`Stopping backup for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
+		abortController.abort();
+	} finally {
+		await scheduleQueries.updateStatus(scheduleId, organizationId, {
+			lastBackupStatus: "warning",
+			lastBackupError: "Backup was stopped by user",
+		});
+	}
+};
+
+const runForget = async (scheduleId: number, repositoryId?: string) => {
+	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
+	const schedule = await scheduleQueries.findById(scheduleId, organizationId);
+
+	if (!schedule) {
+		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
+	}
+
+	if (!schedule.retentionPolicy) {
+		throw new BadRequestError("No retention policy configured for this schedule");
+	}
+
+	const repository = await repositoryQueries.findById(repositoryId ?? schedule.repositoryId, organizationId);
+
+	if (!repository) {
+		throw new NotFoundError("Repository not found");
+	}
+
+	logger.info(`running retention policy (forget) for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
+	const releaseLock = await repoMutex.acquireExclusive(repository.id, `forget:${scheduleId}`);
+
+	try {
+		await restic.forget(repository.config, schedule.retentionPolicy, { tag: schedule.shortId, organizationId });
+		cache.delByPrefix(`snapshots:${repository.id}:`);
+	} finally {
+		releaseLock();
+	}
+
+	logger.info(`Retention policy applied successfully for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
+};
+
+const copyToMirrors = async (
+	scheduleId: number,
+	sourceRepository: Repository,
+	retentionPolicy: BackupSchedule["retentionPolicy"],
+) => {
+	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
+	const schedule = await scheduleQueries.findById(scheduleId, organizationId);
+
+	if (!schedule) {
+		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
+	}
+
+	const mirrors = await mirrorQueries.findEnabledBySchedule(scheduleId);
+
+	if (mirrors.length === 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	logger.info(`[Background] Copying snapshots to ${mirrors.length} mirror repositories for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
+
+	for (const mirror of mirrors) {
+		await copyToSingleMirror(scheduleId, schedule, sourceRepository, mirror, retentionPolicy, organizationId);
+	}
+};
+
+const copyToSingleMirror = async (
+	scheduleId: number,
+	schedule: BackupSchedule,
+	sourceRepository: Repository,
+	mirror: {
+		id: number;
+		repositoryId: string;
+		repository: Repository;
+	},
+	retentionPolicy: BackupSchedule["retentionPolicy"],
+	organizationId: string,
+) => {
+	try {
+		logger.info(`[Background] Copying to mirror repository: ${mirror.repository.name}`);
+
+		serverEvents.emit("mirror:started", {
+			organizationId,
+			scheduleId,
+			repositoryId: mirror.repositoryId,
+			repositoryName: mirror.repository.name,
+		});
+
+		const releaseSource = await repoMutex.acquireShared(sourceRepository.id, `mirror_source:${scheduleId}`);
+		const releaseMirror = await repoMutex.acquireShared(mirror.repository.id, `mirror:${scheduleId}`);
+
+		try {
+			await restic.copy(sourceRepository.config, mirror.repository.config, { tag: schedule.shortId, organizationId });
+			cache.delByPrefix(`snapshots:${mirror.repository.id}:`);
+		} finally {
+			releaseSource();
+			releaseMirror();
+		}
+
+		if (retentionPolicy) {
+			void runForget(scheduleId, mirror.repository.id).catch((error) => {
+				logger.error(
+					`Failed to run retention policy for mirror repository ${mirror.repository.name}: ${toMessage(error)}`,
+				);
+			});
+		}
+
+		await mirrorQueries.updateStatus(mirror.id, {
+			lastCopyAt: Date.now(),
+			lastCopyStatus: "success",
+			lastCopyError: null,
+		});
+
+		logger.info(`[Background] Successfully copied to mirror repository: ${mirror.repository.name}`);
+
+		serverEvents.emit("mirror:completed", {
+			organizationId,
+			scheduleId,
+			repositoryId: mirror.repositoryId,
+			repositoryName: mirror.repository.name,
+			status: "success",
+		});
+	} catch (error) {
+		const errorMessage = toMessage(error);
+		logger.error(`[Background] Failed to copy to mirror repository ${mirror.repository.name}: ${errorMessage}`);
+
+		await mirrorQueries.updateStatus(mirror.id, {
+			lastCopyAt: Date.now(),
+			lastCopyStatus: "error",
+			lastCopyError: errorMessage,
+		});
+
+		serverEvents.emit("mirror:completed", {
+			organizationId,
+			scheduleId,
+			repositoryId: mirror.repositoryId,
+			repositoryName: mirror.repository.name,
+			status: "error",
+			error: errorMessage,
+		});
+	}
+};
+
+export const backupsExecutionService = {
+	executeBackup,
+	validateBackupExecution,
+	getSchedulesToExecute,
+	stopBackup,
+	runForget,
+	copyToMirrors,
+};
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/backups.queries.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.queries.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcd7fcec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.queries.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+import { and, eq } from "drizzle-orm";
+import { db } from "../../db/db";
+import { backupSchedulesTable, backupScheduleMirrorsTable } from "../../db/schema";
+
+export type BackupStatusType = "in_progress" | "success" | "warning" | "error";
+export type MirrorStatusType = "success" | "error";
+
+export const scheduleQueries = {
+	findById: async (scheduleId: number, organizationId: string) => {
+		return db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
+			where: { AND: [{ id: scheduleId }, { organizationId }] },
+			with: { volume: true, repository: true },
+		});
+	},
+
+	findExecutable: async (organizationId: string) => {
+		const now = Date.now();
+		const schedules = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findMany({
+			where: {
+				AND: [
+					{ enabled: true },
+					{ OR: [{ lastBackupStatus: { ne: "in_progress" } }, { lastBackupStatus: { isNull: true } }] },
+					{ organizationId },
+				],
+			},
+		});
+
+		return schedules.filter((s) => !s.nextBackupAt || s.nextBackupAt <= now).map((s) => s.id);
+	},
+
+	updateStatus: async (
+		scheduleId: number,
+		organizationId: string,
+		status: {
+			lastBackupStatus?: BackupStatusType;
+			lastBackupAt?: number;
+			lastBackupError?: string | null;
+			nextBackupAt?: number;
+		},
+	) => {
+		return db
+			.update(backupSchedulesTable)
+			.set({ ...status, updatedAt: Date.now() })
+			.where(and(eq(backupSchedulesTable.id, scheduleId), eq(backupSchedulesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
+	},
+};
+
+export const mirrorQueries = {
+	findEnabledBySchedule: async (scheduleId: number) => {
+		return db.query.backupScheduleMirrorsTable.findMany({
+			where: { scheduleId, enabled: true },
+			with: { repository: true },
+		});
+	},
+
+	updateStatus: async (
+		mirrorId: number,
+		status: {
+			lastCopyAt: number;
+			lastCopyStatus: MirrorStatusType;
+			lastCopyError: string | null;
+		},
+	) => {
+		return db.update(backupScheduleMirrorsTable).set(status).where(eq(backupScheduleMirrorsTable.id, mirrorId));
+	},
+};
+
+export const repositoryQueries = {
+	findById: async (repositoryId: string, organizationId: string) => {
+		return db.query.repositoriesTable.findFirst({
+			where: { AND: [{ id: repositoryId }, { organizationId }] },
+		});
+	},
+};
diff --git a/app/server/modules/backups/backups.service.ts b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.service.ts
index ab1825a9..26a88707 100644
--- a/app/server/modules/backups/backups.service.ts
+++ b/app/server/modules/backups/backups.service.ts
@@ -1,61 +1,14 @@
 import { and, eq } from "drizzle-orm";
 import cron from "node-cron";
-import { CronExpressionParser } from "cron-parser";
 import { NotFoundError, BadRequestError, ConflictError } from "http-errors-enhanced";
 import { db } from "../../db/db";
-import { backupSchedulesTable, backupScheduleMirrorsTable, repositoriesTable } from "../../db/schema";
-import { restic } from "../../utils/restic";
-import { logger } from "../../utils/logger";
-import { cache } from "../../utils/cache";
-import { getVolumePath } from "../volumes/helpers";
+import { backupSchedulesTable, backupScheduleMirrorsTable } from "../../db/schema";
 import type { CreateBackupScheduleBody, UpdateBackupScheduleBody, UpdateScheduleMirrorsBody } from "./backups.dto";
-import { toMessage } from "../../utils/errors";
-import { serverEvents } from "../../core/events";
-import { notificationsService } from "../notifications/notifications.service";
-import { repoMutex } from "../../core/repository-mutex";
+
 import { checkMirrorCompatibility, getIncompatibleMirrorError } from "~/server/utils/backend-compatibility";
-import path from "node:path";
 import { generateShortId } from "~/server/utils/id";
 import { getOrganizationId } from "~/server/core/request-context";
-
-const runningBackups = new Map<number, AbortController>();
-
-const calculateNextRun = (cronExpression: string) => {
-	try {
-		const interval = CronExpressionParser.parse(cronExpression, {
-			currentDate: new Date(),
-			tz: Intl.DateTimeFormat().resolvedOptions().timeZone,
-		});
-
-		return interval.next().getTime();
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error(`Failed to parse cron expression "${cronExpression}": ${toMessage(error)}`);
-		const fallback = new Date();
-		fallback.setMinutes(fallback.getMinutes() + 1);
-		return fallback.getTime();
-	}
-};
-
-const processPattern = (pattern: string, volumePath: string) => {
-	let isNegated = false;
-	let p = pattern;
-
-	if (p.startsWith("!")) {
-		isNegated = true;
-		p = p.slice(1);
-	}
-
-	if (p.startsWith(volumePath)) {
-		return pattern;
-	}
-
-	if (p.startsWith("/")) {
-		const processed = path.join(volumePath, p.slice(1));
-		return isNegated ? `!${processed}` : processed;
-	}
-
-	return pattern;
-};
+import { calculateNextRun } from "./backup.helpers";
 
 const listSchedules = async () => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
@@ -230,250 +183,6 @@ const deleteSchedule = async (scheduleId: number) => {
 		.where(and(eq(backupSchedulesTable.id, scheduleId), eq(backupSchedulesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
 };
 
-const executeBackup = async (scheduleId: number, manual = false) => {
-	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
-	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
-		where: { AND: [{ id: scheduleId }, { organizationId }] },
-	});
-
-	if (!schedule) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
-	}
-
-	if (!schedule.enabled && !manual) {
-		logger.info(`Backup schedule ${scheduleId} is disabled. Skipping execution.`);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	if (schedule.lastBackupStatus === "in_progress") {
-		logger.info(`Backup schedule ${scheduleId} is already in progress. Skipping execution.`);
-		return;
-	}
-
-	const volume = await db.query.volumesTable.findFirst({
-		where: { AND: [{ id: schedule.volumeId }, { organizationId }] },
-	});
-
-	if (!volume) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Volume not found");
-	}
-
-	const repository = await db.query.repositoriesTable.findFirst({
-		where: { AND: [{ id: schedule.repositoryId }, { organizationId }] },
-	});
-
-	if (!repository) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Repository not found");
-	}
-
-	if (volume.status !== "mounted") {
-		throw new BadRequestError("Volume is not mounted");
-	}
-
-	logger.info(`Starting backup ${schedule.name} for volume ${volume.name} to repository ${repository.name}`);
-
-	serverEvents.emit("backup:started", {
-		organizationId,
-		scheduleId,
-		volumeName: volume.name,
-		repositoryName: repository.name,
-	});
-
-	notificationsService
-		.sendBackupNotification(scheduleId, "start", {
-			volumeName: volume.name,
-			repositoryName: repository.name,
-			scheduleName: schedule.name,
-		})
-		.catch((error) => {
-			logger.error(`Failed to send backup start notification: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-		});
-
-	const nextBackupAt = calculateNextRun(schedule.cronExpression);
-
-	await db
-		.update(backupSchedulesTable)
-		.set({
-			lastBackupStatus: "in_progress",
-			updatedAt: Date.now(),
-			lastBackupError: null,
-			nextBackupAt,
-		})
-		.where(and(eq(backupSchedulesTable.id, scheduleId), eq(backupSchedulesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
-
-	const abortController = new AbortController();
-	runningBackups.set(scheduleId, abortController);
-
-	try {
-		const volumePath = getVolumePath(volume);
-
-		const backupOptions: {
-			exclude?: string[];
-			excludeIfPresent?: string[];
-			include?: string[];
-			tags?: string[];
-			oneFileSystem?: boolean;
-			signal?: AbortSignal;
-		} = {
-			tags: [schedule.shortId],
-			oneFileSystem: schedule.oneFileSystem,
-			signal: abortController.signal,
-		};
-
-		if (schedule.excludePatterns && schedule.excludePatterns.length > 0) {
-			backupOptions.exclude = schedule.excludePatterns.map((p) => processPattern(p, volumePath));
-		}
-
-		if (schedule.excludeIfPresent && schedule.excludeIfPresent.length > 0) {
-			backupOptions.excludeIfPresent = schedule.excludeIfPresent;
-		}
-
-		if (schedule.includePatterns && schedule.includePatterns.length > 0) {
-			backupOptions.include = schedule.includePatterns.map((p) => processPattern(p, volumePath));
-		}
-
-		const releaseBackupLock = await repoMutex.acquireShared(
-			repository.id,
-			`backup:${volume.name}`,
-			abortController.signal,
-		);
-		let exitCode: number;
-		try {
-			const result = await restic.backup(repository.config, volumePath, {
-				...backupOptions,
-				compressionMode: repository.compressionMode ?? "auto",
-				organizationId,
-				onProgress: (progress) => {
-					const progressData = {
-						organizationId,
-						scheduleId,
-						volumeName: volume.name,
-						repositoryName: repository.name,
-						...progress,
-					};
-					serverEvents.emit("backup:progress", progressData);
-				},
-			});
-			exitCode = result.exitCode;
-		} finally {
-			releaseBackupLock();
-		}
-
-		if (schedule.retentionPolicy) {
-			void runForget(schedule.id).catch((error) => {
-				logger.error(`Failed to run retention policy for schedule ${scheduleId}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-			});
-		}
-
-		void copyToMirrors(scheduleId, repository, schedule.retentionPolicy).catch((error) => {
-			logger.error(`Background mirror copy failed for schedule ${scheduleId}: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-		});
-
-		const finalStatus = exitCode === 0 ? "success" : "warning";
-
-		cache.delByPrefix(`snapshots:${repository.id}:`);
-
-		const nextBackupAt = calculateNextRun(schedule.cronExpression);
-		await db
-			.update(backupSchedulesTable)
-			.set({
-				lastBackupAt: Date.now(),
-				lastBackupStatus: finalStatus,
-				lastBackupError: null,
-				nextBackupAt: nextBackupAt,
-				updatedAt: Date.now(),
-			})
-			.where(and(eq(backupSchedulesTable.id, scheduleId), eq(backupSchedulesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
-
-		if (finalStatus === "warning") {
-			logger.warn(
-				`Backup ${schedule.name} completed with warnings for volume ${volume.name} to repository ${repository.name}`,
-			);
-		} else {
-			logger.info(
-				`Backup ${schedule.name} completed successfully for volume ${volume.name} to repository ${repository.name}`,
-			);
-		}
-
-		serverEvents.emit("backup:completed", {
-			organizationId,
-			scheduleId,
-			volumeName: volume.name,
-			repositoryName: repository.name,
-			status: finalStatus,
-		});
-
-		notificationsService
-			.sendBackupNotification(scheduleId, finalStatus === "success" ? "success" : "warning", {
-				volumeName: volume.name,
-				repositoryName: repository.name,
-				scheduleName: schedule.name,
-			})
-			.catch((error) => {
-				logger.error(`Failed to send backup success notification: ${toMessage(error)}`);
-			});
-	} catch (error) {
-		logger.error(
-			`Backup ${schedule.name} failed for volume ${volume.name} to repository ${repository.name}: ${toMessage(error)}`,
-		);
-
-		await db
-			.update(backupSchedulesTable)
-			.set({
-				lastBackupAt: Date.now(),
-				lastBackupStatus: "error",
-				lastBackupError: toMessage(error),
-				updatedAt: Date.now(),
-			})
-			.where(and(eq(backupSchedulesTable.id, scheduleId), eq(backupSchedulesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
-
-		serverEvents.emit("backup:completed", {
-			organizationId,
-			scheduleId,
-			volumeName: volume.name,
-			repositoryName: repository.name,
-			status: "error",
-		});
-
-		notificationsService
-			.sendBackupNotification(scheduleId, "failure", {
-				volumeName: volume.name,
-				repositoryName: repository.name,
-				scheduleName: schedule.name,
-				error: toMessage(error),
-			})
-			.catch((notifError) => {
-				logger.error(`Failed to send backup failure notification: ${toMessage(notifError)}`);
-			});
-	} finally {
-		runningBackups.delete(scheduleId);
-	}
-};
-
-const getSchedulesToExecute = async () => {
-	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
-	const now = Date.now();
-	const schedules = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findMany({
-		where: {
-			AND: [
-				{ enabled: true },
-				{ OR: [{ lastBackupStatus: { NOT: "in_progress" } }, { lastBackupStatus: { isNull: true } }] },
-				{ organizationId },
-			],
-		},
-	});
-
-	const schedulesToRun: number[] = [];
-
-	for (const schedule of schedules) {
-		if (!schedule.nextBackupAt || schedule.nextBackupAt <= now) {
-			schedulesToRun.push(schedule.id);
-		}
-	}
-
-	return schedulesToRun;
-};
-
 const getScheduleForVolume = async (volumeId: number) => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
 	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
@@ -484,75 +193,6 @@ const getScheduleForVolume = async (volumeId: number) => {
 	return schedule ?? null;
 };
 
-const stopBackup = async (scheduleId: number) => {
-	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
-	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
-		where: { AND: [{ id: scheduleId }, { organizationId }] },
-	});
-
-	if (!schedule) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
-	}
-
-	try {
-		const abortController = runningBackups.get(scheduleId);
-		if (!abortController) {
-			throw new ConflictError("No backup is currently running for this schedule");
-		}
-
-		logger.info(`Stopping backup for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
-
-		abortController.abort();
-	} finally {
-		await db
-			.update(backupSchedulesTable)
-			.set({
-				lastBackupStatus: "warning",
-				lastBackupError: "Backup was stopped by user",
-				updatedAt: Date.now(),
-			})
-			.where(and(eq(backupSchedulesTable.id, scheduleId), eq(backupSchedulesTable.organizationId, organizationId)));
-	}
-};
-
-const runForget = async (scheduleId: number, repositoryId?: string) => {
-	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
-	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
-		where: {
-			AND: [{ id: scheduleId }, { organizationId }],
-		},
-	});
-
-	if (!schedule) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
-	}
-
-	if (!schedule.retentionPolicy) {
-		throw new BadRequestError("No retention policy configured for this schedule");
-	}
-
-	const repository = await db.query.repositoriesTable.findFirst({
-		where: {
-			AND: [{ id: repositoryId ?? schedule.repositoryId }, { organizationId }],
-		},
-	});
-
-	if (!repository) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Repository not found");
-	}
-
-	logger.info(`running retention policy (forget) for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
-	const releaseLock = await repoMutex.acquireExclusive(repository.id, `forget:${scheduleId}`);
-	try {
-		await restic.forget(repository.config, schedule.retentionPolicy, { tag: schedule.shortId, organizationId });
-		cache.delByPrefix(`snapshots:${repository.id}:`);
-	} finally {
-		releaseLock();
-	}
-
-	logger.info(`Retention policy applied successfully for schedule ${scheduleId}`);
-};
-
 const getMirrors = async (scheduleId: number) => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
 	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
@@ -640,100 +280,6 @@ const updateMirrors = async (scheduleId: number, data: UpdateScheduleMirrorsBody
 	return getMirrors(scheduleId);
 };
 
-const copyToMirrors = async (
-	scheduleId: number,
-	sourceRepository: { id: string; config: (typeof repositoriesTable.$inferSelect)["config"] },
-	retentionPolicy: (typeof backupSchedulesTable.$inferSelect)["retentionPolicy"],
-) => {
-	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
-	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
-		where: { AND: [{ id: scheduleId }, { organizationId }] },
-	});
-
-	if (!schedule) {
-		throw new NotFoundError("Backup schedule not found");
-	}
-
-	const mirrors = await db.query.backupScheduleMirrorsTable.findMany({
-		where: { scheduleId },
-		with: { repository: true },
-	});
-
-	const enabledMirrors = mirrors.filter((m) => m.enabled);
-
-	if (enabledMirrors.length === 0) {
-		return;
-	}
-
-	logger.info(
-		`[Background] Copying snapshots to ${enabledMirrors.length} mirror repositories for schedule ${scheduleId}`,
-	);
-
-	for (const mirror of enabledMirrors) {
-		try {
-			logger.info(`[Background] Copying to mirror repository: ${mirror.repository.name}`);
-
-			serverEvents.emit("mirror:started", {
-				organizationId,
-				scheduleId,
-				repositoryId: mirror.repositoryId,
-				repositoryName: mirror.repository.name,
-			});
-
-			const releaseSource = await repoMutex.acquireShared(sourceRepository.id, `mirror_source:${scheduleId}`);
-			const releaseMirror = await repoMutex.acquireShared(mirror.repository.id, `mirror:${scheduleId}`);
-
-			try {
-				await restic.copy(sourceRepository.config, mirror.repository.config, { tag: schedule.shortId, organizationId });
-				cache.delByPrefix(`snapshots:${mirror.repository.id}:`);
-			} finally {
-				releaseSource();
-				releaseMirror();
-			}
-
-			if (retentionPolicy) {
-				void runForget(scheduleId, mirror.repository.id).catch((error) => {
-					logger.error(
-						`Failed to run retention policy for mirror repository ${mirror.repository.name}: ${toMessage(error)}`,
-					);
-				});
-			}
-
-			await db
-				.update(backupScheduleMirrorsTable)
-				.set({ lastCopyAt: Date.now(), lastCopyStatus: "success", lastCopyError: null })
-				.where(eq(backupScheduleMirrorsTable.id, mirror.id));
-
-			logger.info(`[Background] Successfully copied to mirror repository: ${mirror.repository.name}`);
-
-			serverEvents.emit("mirror:completed", {
-				organizationId,
-				scheduleId,
-				repositoryId: mirror.repositoryId,
-				repositoryName: mirror.repository.name,
-				status: "success",
-			});
-		} catch (error) {
-			const errorMessage = toMessage(error);
-			logger.error(`[Background] Failed to copy to mirror repository ${mirror.repository.name}: ${errorMessage}`);
-
-			await db
-				.update(backupScheduleMirrorsTable)
-				.set({ lastCopyAt: Date.now(), lastCopyStatus: "error", lastCopyError: errorMessage })
-				.where(eq(backupScheduleMirrorsTable.id, mirror.id));
-
-			serverEvents.emit("mirror:completed", {
-				organizationId,
-				scheduleId,
-				repositoryId: mirror.repositoryId,
-				repositoryName: mirror.repository.name,
-				status: "error",
-				error: errorMessage,
-			});
-		}
-	}
-};
-
 const getMirrorCompatibility = async (scheduleId: number) => {
 	const organizationId = getOrganizationId();
 	const schedule = await db.query.backupSchedulesTable.findFirst({
@@ -793,11 +339,7 @@ export const backupsService = {
 	createSchedule,
 	updateSchedule,
 	deleteSchedule,
-	executeBackup,
-	getSchedulesToExecute,
 	getScheduleForVolume,
-	stopBackup,
-	runForget,
 	getMirrors,
 	updateMirrors,
 	getMirrorCompatibility,
diff --git a/app/test/helpers/backup-mirror.ts b/app/test/helpers/backup-mirror.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6a4aa60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/test/helpers/backup-mirror.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { db } from "~/server/db/db";
+import { backupScheduleMirrorsTable, type BackupScheduleMirror } from "~/server/db/schema";
+import { ensureTestOrganization } from "./organization";
+
+type BackupScheduleMirrorInsert = Omit<BackupScheduleMirror, 'id' | 'createdAt'>;
+
+export const createTestBackupScheduleMirror = async (
+	scheduleId: number,
+	repositoryId: string,
+	overrides: Partial<BackupScheduleMirrorInsert> = {},
+) => {
+	await ensureTestOrganization();
+
+	const mirror = {
+		scheduleId,
+		repositoryId,
+		enabled: true,
+		lastCopyAt: null,
+		lastCopyStatus: null,
+		lastCopyError: null,
+		...overrides,
+	};
+
+	const data = await db.insert(backupScheduleMirrorsTable).values(mirror).returning();
+	return data[0];
+};
diff --git a/bun.lock b/bun.lock
index 7e866dbd..b48f585e 100644
--- a/bun.lock
+++ b/bun.lock
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
         "vite-bundle-analyzer": "^1.2.3",
         "vite-plugin-babel": "^1.4.1",
         "vite-tsconfig-paths": "^6.0.5",
+        "wait-for-expect": "^4.0.0",
       },
     },
   },
@@ -1655,6 +1656,8 @@
 
     "vite-tsconfig-paths": ["vite-tsconfig-paths@6.0.5", "", { "dependencies": { "debug": "^4.1.1", "globrex": "^0.1.2", "tsconfck": "^3.0.3" }, "peerDependencies": { "vite": "*" } }, "sha512-f/WvY6ekHykUF1rWJUAbCU7iS/5QYDIugwpqJA+ttwKbxSbzNlqlE8vZSrsnxNQciUW+z6lvhlXMaEyZn9MSig=="],
 
+    "wait-for-expect": ["wait-for-expect@4.0.0", "", {}, "sha512-mcH2HYUUHhdFGHVJkgwkBxRihZO4VSuPyh6xhYHz7LEnYkcaLbTAEEsTpYiFw4UY45XdTZYYIaquuMucw9wWMw=="],
+
     "web-streams-polyfill": ["web-streams-polyfill@3.3.3", "", {}, "sha512-d2JWLCivmZYTSIoge9MsgFCZrt571BikcWGYkjC1khllbTeDlGqZ2D8vD8E/lJa8WGWbb7Plm8/XJYV7IJHZZw=="],
 
     "webidl-conversions": ["webidl-conversions@3.0.1", "", {}, "sha512-2JAn3z8AR6rjK8Sm8orRC0h/bcl/DqL7tRPdGZ4I1CjdF+EaMLmYxBHyXuKL849eucPFhvBoxMsflfOb8kxaeQ=="],
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index cc554cb0..fdf8ae34 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -117,7 +117,8 @@
 		"vite": "^7.3.1",
 		"vite-bundle-analyzer": "^1.2.3",
 		"vite-plugin-babel": "^1.4.1",
-		"vite-tsconfig-paths": "^6.0.5"
+		"vite-tsconfig-paths": "^6.0.5",
+		"wait-for-expect": "^4.0.0"
 	},
 	"overrides": {
 		"esbuild": "^0.27.2"