refactor: use sqlalchemy as base for sqlite

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@
     "noprogress",
     "onefile",
     "oneline",
+    "onupdate",
     "parsel",
     "pathex",
     "pickleable",
@@ -164,11 +165,13 @@
     "RPAREN",
     "rtime",
     "rvfc",
+    "sessionmaker",
     "SIGUSR",
     "smhd",
     "socketio",
     "softprops",
     "solverr",
+    "SQLA",
     "sstr",
     "startswith",
     "SUPPRESSHELP",

app/library/migrate.py

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ from importlib.machinery import ModuleSpec, SourceFileLoader
 from importlib.util import module_from_spec, spec_from_loader
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-import aiosqlite
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncConnection
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from types import ModuleType
@@ -43,19 +44,19 @@ class InvalidNameError(Error):
 
 
 @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
-async def execute(
-    conn: aiosqlite.Connection, sql: str, params: Sequence[object] | None = None
-) -> AsyncIterator[aiosqlite.Cursor]:
-    params = [] if params is None else params
-    cursor = await conn.execute(sql, params)
+async def execute(conn: AsyncConnection, sql: str, params: Sequence[object] | None = None) -> AsyncIterator:
+    params = {} if params is None else params
+    result = await conn.execute(text(sql), params)
     try:
-        yield cursor
+        yield result
     finally:
-        await cursor.close()
+        pass
 
 
 @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
-async def transaction(conn: aiosqlite.Connection) -> AsyncIterator[None]:
+async def transaction(conn: AsyncConnection) -> AsyncIterator[None]:
+    # SQLAlchemy AsyncConnection manages transactions automatically
+    # when used with context managers, so we just yield
     try:
         yield
         await conn.commit()
@@ -104,10 +105,10 @@ class Migration:
             raise InvalidNameError(self.filename)
         return timestamp
 
-    async def upgrade(self, conn: aiosqlite.Connection) -> None:
+    async def upgrade(self, conn: AsyncConnection) -> None:
         await self.module.upgrade(conn)
 
-    async def downgrade(self, conn: aiosqlite.Connection) -> None:
+    async def downgrade(self, conn: AsyncConnection) -> None:
         await self.module.downgrade(conn)
 
     def has_method(self, name: str) -> bool:
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ class Migration:
 
 
 class Database:
-    def __init__(self, db_url: aiosqlite.Connection | str, version_table: str = "migration_version"):
+    def __init__(self, db_url: AsyncConnection | str, version_table: str = "migration_version"):
         if not db_url:
             msg = "Database requires db_url."
             raise ValueError(msg)
@@ -127,16 +128,18 @@ class Database:
 
         self._owns_connection = bool(isinstance(db_url, str))
         if self._owns_connection:
-            self.conn: aiosqlite.Connection | None = None
+            self.conn: AsyncConnection | None = None
             self.db_url: str = db_url
-            self._ensure_connection()
         else:
-            self.conn: aiosqlite.Connection = db_url
+            self.conn: AsyncConnection = db_url
 
     async def __aenter__(self) -> "Database":
-        if self._owns_connection:
-            await self._ensure_connection()
+        if self._owns_connection and self.conn is None:
+            # Create connection from string URL
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
 
+            self._engine = create_async_engine(f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{self.db_url}")
+            self.conn = await self._engine.connect()
         return self
 
     async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb) -> None:
@@ -147,23 +150,18 @@ class Database:
     async def close(self) -> None:
         if self._owns_connection and self.conn:
             await self.conn.close()
+            if hasattr(self, "_engine"):
+                await self._engine.dispose()
             self.conn = None
 
-    async def _ensure_connection(self) -> None:
-        if self.conn:
-            return
-        self.conn = await aiosqlite.connect(self.db_url)
-        self.conn.row_factory = aiosqlite.Row
-
     async def is_version_controlled(self) -> bool:
-        await self._ensure_connection()
         assert self.conn
-        sql = """SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND name = ?"""
-        async with execute(self.conn, sql, [self.version_table]) as cursor:
-            return bool(await cursor.fetchall())
+        sql = """SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'table' AND name = :version_table"""
+        async with execute(self.conn, sql, {"version_table": self.version_table}) as result:
+            rows = result.fetchall()
+            return bool(rows)
 
     async def upgrade(self, migrations: list[Migration], target_version: str | None = None) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_connection()
         assert self.conn
         if target_version:
             _assert_migration_exists(migrations, target_version)
@@ -183,7 +181,6 @@ class Database:
             database_version: str = new_version
 
     async def downgrade(self, migrations: list[Migration], target_version: str | int) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_connection()
         assert self.conn
         if target_version not in (0, "0"):
             _assert_migration_exists(migrations, target_version)
@@ -210,29 +207,26 @@ class Database:
         Return the database's version, or None if it is not under version
         control.
         """
-        await self._ensure_connection()
         assert self.conn
         if not await self.is_version_controlled():
             return None
         sql: str = f"SELECT version FROM {self.version_table}"
-        async with execute(self.conn, sql) as cursor:
-            result = await cursor.fetchall()
-            return result[0][0] if result else "0"
+        async with execute(self.conn, sql) as result:
+            rows = result.fetchall()
+            return rows[0][0] if rows else "0"
 
     async def update_version(self, version: str) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_connection()
         assert self.conn
-        sql: str = f"UPDATE {self.version_table} SET version = ?"
+        sql: str = f"UPDATE {self.version_table} SET version = :version"
         async with transaction(self.conn):
-            await self.conn.execute(sql, [version])
+            await self.conn.execute(text(sql), {"version": version})
 
     async def initialize_version_control(self) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_connection()
         assert self.conn
         sql: str = f"""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self.version_table} ( version TEXT ) """
         async with transaction(self.conn):
-            await self.conn.execute(sql)
-            await self.conn.execute(f"INSERT INTO {self.version_table} VALUES (0)")
+            await self.conn.execute(text(sql))
+            await self.conn.execute(text(f"INSERT INTO {self.version_table} VALUES (:version)"), {"version": "0"})
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f'Database("{self.db_url if self._owns_connection else "external_connection"}")'
@@ -253,7 +247,7 @@ def load_migrations(directory: str) -> list[Migration]:
     return [Migration(f) for f in glob.glob(os.path.join(directory, "*.py"))]
 
 
-async def upgrade(db_url: aiosqlite.Connection | str, migration_dir: str, version: str | None = None) -> None:
+async def upgrade(db_url: AsyncConnection | str, migration_dir: str, version: str | None = None) -> None:
     """
     Upgrade the given database with the migrations contained in the
     migrations directory. If a version is not specified, upgrade
@@ -266,7 +260,7 @@ async def upgrade(db_url: aiosqlite.Connection | str, migration_dir: str, versio
         await db.upgrade(load_migrations(migration_dir), version)
 
 
-async def downgrade(db_url: str | aiosqlite.Connection, migration_dir: str, version: str) -> None:
+async def downgrade(db_url: str | AsyncConnection, migration_dir: str, version: str) -> None:
     """
     Downgrade the database to the given version with the migrations
     contained in the given migration directory.
@@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ async def downgrade(db_url: str | aiosqlite.Connection, migration_dir: str, vers
         await db.downgrade(migrations, version)
 
 
-async def get_version(db_url: aiosqlite.Connection | str) -> str | None:
+async def get_version(db_url: AsyncConnection | str) -> str | None:
     """Return the migration version of the given database."""
     async with Database(db_url) as db:
         return await db.get_version()
@@ -317,11 +311,13 @@ Migration Name: %(name)s
 Migration Version: %(version)s
 \"\"\"
 
+from sqlalchemy import text
+
 async def upgrade(c):
     # add your upgrade step here
-    await c.execute("SELECT 1")
+    await c.execute(text("SELECT 1"))
 
 async def downgrade(c):
     # add your downgrade step here
-    await c.execute("SELECT 1")
+    await c.execute(text("SELECT 1"))
 """

app/library/sqlite_store.py

@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ from dataclasses import fields
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from email.utils import formatdate
 
-import aiosqlite
 from aiohttp import web
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine, AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.engine import AsyncConnection
 
 from .ItemDTO import ItemDTO
 from .operations import Operation, matches_condition
@@ -57,7 +59,9 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
 
     def __init__(self, db_path: str, *, max_pending: int = 200, flush_interval: float = 0.05):
         self._db_path: str = db_path
-        self._conn: aiosqlite.Connection | None = None
+        self._engine: AsyncEngine | None = None
+        self._conn = None
+        self._sessionmaker: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession] | None = None
         self._queue: asyncio.Queue[_Op] | None = None
         self._task: asyncio.Task | None = None
         self._flush_interval: float = flush_interval
@@ -65,28 +69,50 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
         self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
     async def __aenter__(self) -> "SqliteStore":
-        await self._ensure_conn()
+        await self.get_connection()
         return self
 
     async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb) -> None:
         await self.close()
 
+    def sessionmaker(self) -> async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]:
+        """
+        Return the SQLAlchemy async sessionmaker.
+
+        This allows other parts of the system to create SQLAlchemy sessions
+        that share the same database connection/engine.
+
+        Returns:
+            async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]: The sessionmaker instance.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If called before connection is initialized.
+
+        """
+        if not self._sessionmaker:
+            msg = "Database connection not initialized. Call _ensure_conn() first or use within async context."
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+        return self._sessionmaker
+
     async def fetch_saved(self, type_value: str) -> list[tuple[str, ItemDTO]]:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
-        cursor = await self._conn.execute(
-            'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? ORDER BY "created_at" ASC',
-            (type_value,),
+        await self.get_connection()
+        result = await self._conn.execute(
+            text(
+                'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value ORDER BY "created_at" ASC'
+            ),
+            {"type_value": type_value},
         )
+        rows = result.mappings().all()
+
         items: list[tuple[str, ItemDTO]] = []
-        async with cursor:
-            async for row in cursor:
-                row_date = datetime.strptime(row["created_at"], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")  # noqa: DTZ007
-                data = json.loads(row["data"])
-                data.pop("_id", None)
-                item = init_class(ItemDTO, data, ITEM_DTO_FIELDS)
-                item._id = row["id"]
-                item.datetime = formatdate(row_date.replace(tzinfo=UTC).timestamp())
-                items.append((row["id"], item))
+        for row in rows:
+            row_date = datetime.strptime(row["created_at"], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")  # noqa: DTZ007
+            data = json.loads(row["data"])
+            data.pop("_id", None)
+            item = init_class(ItemDTO, data, ITEM_DTO_FIELDS)
+            item._id = row["id"]
+            item.datetime = formatdate(row_date.replace(tzinfo=UTC).timestamp())
+            items.append((row["id"], item))
         return items
 
     async def exists(self, type_value: str, key: str | None = None, url: str | None = None) -> bool:
@@ -97,23 +123,27 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
             msg = "key or url must be provided."
             raise KeyError(msg)
 
-        await self._ensure_conn()
+        await self.get_connection()
 
         clauses: list[str] = []
-        params: list[str] = []
+        params: dict[str, str] = {"type_value": type_value}
 
         if key:
-            clauses.append('"id" = ?')
-            params.append(key)
+            clauses.append('"id" = :key')
+            params["key"] = key
 
         if url:
-            clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.url') = ?")
-            params.append(url)
+            clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.url') = :url")
+            params["url"] = url
 
         where_clause = " OR ".join(clauses)
-        query = f'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND ({where_clause}) LIMIT 1'  # noqa: S608
-        cursor = await self._conn.execute(query, (type_value, *params))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
+        query = (
+            f'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND ({where_clause}) LIMIT 1'  # noqa: S608
+        )
+
+        result = await self._conn.execute(text(query), params)
+        row = result.mappings().first()
+
         if not row:
             return None
 
@@ -126,12 +156,13 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
         return item
 
     async def get_by_id(self, type_value: str, id: str) -> ItemDTO | None:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
-        cursor = await self._conn.execute(
-            'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND "id" = ?',
-            (type_value, id),
+        await self.get_connection()
+        result = await self._conn.execute(
+            text('SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND "id" = :id'),
+            {"type_value": type_value, "id": id},
         )
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
+        row = result.mappings().first()
+
         if not row:
             return None
 
@@ -154,10 +185,11 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
         if not kwargs:
             return None
 
-        await self._ensure_conn()
+        await self.get_connection()
 
         clauses: list[str] = []
-        params: list[str | float | int] = []
+        params: dict[str, str | float | int] = {"type_value": type_value}
+        param_counter = 0
 
         def _safe_key(key: str) -> str | None:
             return key if key.replace("_", "").isalnum() else None
@@ -178,47 +210,51 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
                 except ValueError:
                     operation = Operation.EQUAL
 
-            path = f"$.{safe_key}"
-            json_extract = f"json_extract(data, '{path}')"
+            path: str = f"$.{safe_key}"
+            json_extract: str = f"json_extract(data, '{path}')"
+            param_name: str = f"param_{param_counter}"
+            param_counter += 1
 
             if Operation.EQUAL == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} = ?")
-                params.append(value)
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} = :{param_name}")
+                params[param_name] = value
             elif Operation.NOT_EQUAL == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} != ?")
-                params.append(value)
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} != :{param_name}")
+                params[param_name] = value
             elif Operation.CONTAIN == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\'")
-                params.append(f"%{value}%")
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} LIKE :{param_name} ESCAPE '\\'")
+                params[param_name] = f"%{value}%"
             elif Operation.NOT_CONTAIN == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"({json_extract} IS NULL OR {json_extract} NOT LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\')")
-                params.append(f"%{value}%")
+                clauses.append(f"({json_extract} IS NULL OR {json_extract} NOT LIKE :{param_name} ESCAPE '\\')")
+                params[param_name] = f"%{value}%"
             elif Operation.STARTS_WITH == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\'")
-                params.append(f"{value}%")
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} LIKE :{param_name} ESCAPE '\\'")
+                params[param_name] = f"{value}%"
             elif Operation.ENDS_WITH == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\'")
-                params.append(f"%{value}")
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} LIKE :{param_name} ESCAPE '\\'")
+                params[param_name] = f"%{value}"
             elif Operation.GREATER_THAN == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} > ?")
-                params.append(value)
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} > :{param_name}")
+                params[param_name] = value
             elif Operation.LESS_THAN == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} < ?")
-                params.append(value)
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} < :{param_name}")
+                params[param_name] = value
             elif Operation.GREATER_EQUAL == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} >= ?")
-                params.append(value)
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} >= :{param_name}")
+                params[param_name] = value
             elif Operation.LESS_EQUAL == operation:
-                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} <= ?")
-                params.append(value)
+                clauses.append(f"{json_extract} <= :{param_name}")
+                params[param_name] = value
 
         if not clauses:
             return None
 
-        where_clause = " OR ".join(f"({clause})" for clause in clauses)
-        query = f'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND ({where_clause}) ORDER BY "created_at" ASC LIMIT 1'  # noqa: S608
-        cursor = await self._conn.execute(query, (type_value, *params))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
+        where_clause: str = " OR ".join(f"({clause})" for clause in clauses)
+        query: str = f'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND ({where_clause}) ORDER BY "created_at" ASC LIMIT 1'  # noqa: S608
+
+        result = await self._conn.execute(text(query), params)
+        row = result.mappings().first()
+
         if not row:
             return None
 
@@ -232,23 +268,25 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
         return item if any(matches_condition(k, v, item.__dict__) for k, v in kwargs.items()) else None
 
     async def count(self, type_value: str, status_filter: str | None = None) -> int:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
-        where_clauses = ['"type" = ?']
-        query_params: list[str] = [type_value]
+        await self.get_connection()
+        where_clauses: list[str] = ['"type" = :type_value']
+        params: dict[str, str] = {"type_value": type_value}
 
         if status_filter:
             if status_filter.startswith("!"):
                 status_value = status_filter[1:]
-                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') != ?")
-                query_params.append(status_value)
+                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') != :status")
+                params["status"] = status_value
             else:
-                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') = ?")
-                query_params.append(status_filter)
+                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') = :status")
+                params["status"] = status_filter
+
+        where_clause: str = " AND ".join(where_clauses)
+        count_query: str = f'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM "history" WHERE {where_clause}'  # noqa: S608
+
+        result = await self._conn.execute(text(count_query), params)
+        row = result.mappings().first()
 
-        where_clause = " AND ".join(where_clauses)
-        count_query = f'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM "history" WHERE {where_clause}'  # noqa: S608
-        cursor = await self._conn.execute(count_query, tuple(query_params))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
         return row["count"] if row else 0
 
     async def paginate(
@@ -259,74 +297,79 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
         order: str,
         status_filter: str | None = None,
     ) -> tuple[list[tuple[str, ItemDTO]], int, int, int]:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
-        where_clauses = ['"type" = ?']
-        query_params: list[str | int] = [type_value]
+        await self.get_connection()
+        where_clauses: list[str] = ['"type" = :type_value']
+        params: dict[str, str | int] = {"type_value": type_value}
 
         if status_filter:
             if status_filter.startswith("!"):
                 status_value = status_filter[1:]
-                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') != ?")
-                query_params.append(status_value)
+                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') != :status")
+                params["status"] = status_value
             else:
-                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') = ?")
-                query_params.append(status_filter)
+                where_clauses.append("json_extract(data, '$.status') = :status")
+                params["status"] = status_filter
+
+        where_clause: str = " AND ".join(where_clauses)
+        count_query: str = f'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM "history" WHERE {where_clause}'  # noqa: S608
+
+        result = await self._conn.execute(text(count_query), params)
+        count_row = result.mappings().first()
 
-        where_clause = " AND ".join(where_clauses)
-        count_query = f'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM "history" WHERE {where_clause}'  # noqa: S608
-        count_cursor = await self._conn.execute(count_query, tuple(query_params))
-        count_row = await count_cursor.fetchone()
         total_items = count_row["count"] if count_row else 0
         total_pages = (total_items + per_page - 1) // per_page if total_items > 0 else 1
 
         if page > total_pages and total_items > 0:
             page = total_pages
 
-        offset = (page - 1) * per_page
-        query_params.extend([per_page, offset])
+        offset: int = (page - 1) * per_page
+        params["limit"] = per_page
+        params["offset"] = offset
 
-        cursor = await self._conn.execute(
-            f'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE {where_clause} ORDER BY "created_at" {order} LIMIT ? OFFSET ?',  # noqa: S608
-            tuple(query_params),
-        )
+        query: str = f'SELECT "id", "data", "created_at" FROM "history" WHERE {where_clause} ORDER BY "created_at" {order} LIMIT :limit OFFSET :offset'  # noqa: S608
+
+        result = await self._conn.execute(text(query), params)
+        rows = result.mappings().all()
 
         items: list[tuple[str, ItemDTO]] = []
-        async with cursor:
-            async for row in cursor:
-                row_date = datetime.strptime(row["created_at"], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")  # noqa: DTZ007
-                data = json.loads(row["data"])
-                data.pop("_id", None)
-                item = init_class(ItemDTO, data, ITEM_DTO_FIELDS)
-                item._id = row["id"]
-                item.datetime = formatdate(row_date.replace(tzinfo=UTC).timestamp())
-                items.append((row["id"], item))
+        for row in rows:
+            row_date = datetime.strptime(row["created_at"], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")  # noqa: DTZ007
+            data = json.loads(row["data"])
+            data.pop("_id", None)
+            item = init_class(ItemDTO, data, ITEM_DTO_FIELDS)
+            item._id = row["id"]
+            item.datetime = formatdate(row_date.replace(tzinfo=UTC).timestamp())
+            items.append((row["id"], item))
 
         return items, total_items, page, total_pages
 
     async def upsert(self, type_value: str, item: ItemDTO) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
+        await self.get_connection()
         await self._upsert_now(type_value, item)
 
     async def delete(self, type_value: str, key: str) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
-        await self._conn.execute('DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND "id" = ?', (type_value, key))
+        await self.get_connection()
+        await self._conn.execute(
+            text('DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND "id" = :key'),
+            {"type_value": type_value, "key": key},
+        )
+        await self._conn.commit()
 
     async def bulk_delete(self, type_value: str, keys: Iterable[str]) -> int:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
-        keys_list = list(keys)
+        await self.get_connection()
+        keys_list: list[str] = list(keys)
         if not keys_list:
             return 0
-        placeholders = ",".join("?" for _ in keys_list)
-        params = [type_value, *keys_list]
-        cur = await self._conn.execute(
-            f'DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND "id" IN ({placeholders})',  # noqa: S608
-            tuple(params),
-        )
-        return cur.rowcount if cur else 0
+        placeholders = ",".join(f":key_{i}" for i in range(len(keys_list)))
+        params: dict[str, str] = {"type_value": type_value}
+        params.update({f"key_{i}": key for i, key in enumerate(keys_list)})
 
-    async def commit(self) -> None:
-        if self._conn:
-            await self._conn.commit()
+        result = await self._conn.execute(
+            text(f'DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND "id" IN ({placeholders})'),  # noqa: S608
+            params,
+        )
+        await self._conn.commit()
+        return result.rowcount if result else 0
 
     async def enqueue_upsert(self, type_value: str, item: ItemDTO) -> None:
         await self._enqueue(_Op("upsert", type_value, item, None, None))
@@ -340,11 +383,9 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
     async def flush(self) -> None:
         if self._queue:
             await self._queue.join()
-        if self._conn:
-            await self._conn.commit()
 
     async def shutdown(self) -> None:
-        """Flush pending writes, stop writer task, and commit."""
+        """Flush pending writes and stop writer task."""
         if self._queue:
             try:
                 await self._queue.put(_Op(Terminator(), "", None, None, None))
@@ -360,20 +401,21 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
             with contextlib.suppress(asyncio.CancelledError):
                 await asyncio.wait_for(self._task, timeout=2)
 
-        if self._conn:
-            LOG.debug("Committing final changes to SqliteStore...")
-            await self._conn.commit()
-
         self._task = None
         self._queue = None
 
     async def close(self) -> None:
         await self.shutdown()
+
         if self._conn:
-            LOG.debug("Closing SqliteStore connection...")
             await self._conn.close()
             self._conn = None
 
+        if self._engine:
+            await self._engine.dispose()
+            self._engine = None
+            self._sessionmaker = None
+
     async def _enqueue(self, op: _Op) -> None:
         self._ensure_worker()
         await self._queue.put(op)
@@ -399,45 +441,101 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
                 await asyncio.sleep(self._flush_interval)
 
     async def _apply(self, op: _Op) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
+        await self.get_connection()
         if op.op == "upsert" and op.item:
-            await self._upsert_now(op.type_value, op.item)
+            await self._upsert_now_conn(self._conn, op.type_value, op.item)
+            await self._conn.commit()
         elif op.op == "delete" and op.key:
-            await self._conn.execute('DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND "id" = ?', (op.type_value, op.key))
-        elif op.op == "bulk_delete" and op.keys:
-            placeholders = ",".join("?" for _ in op.keys)
-            params = [op.type_value, *op.keys]
             await self._conn.execute(
-                f'DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = ? AND "id" IN ({placeholders})',  # noqa: S608
-                tuple(params),
+                text('DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND "id" = :key'),
+                {"type_value": op.type_value, "key": op.key},
             )
-        await self._conn.commit()
+            await self._conn.commit()
+        elif op.op == "bulk_delete" and op.keys:
+            placeholders = ",".join(f":key_{i}" for i in range(len(op.keys)))
+            params: dict[str, str] = {"type_value": op.type_value}
+            params.update({f"key_{i}": key for i, key in enumerate(op.keys)})
+            await self._conn.execute(
+                text(f'DELETE FROM "history" WHERE "type" = :type_value AND "id" IN ({placeholders})'),  # noqa: S608
+                params,
+            )
+            await self._conn.commit()
 
     async def _upsert_now(self, type_value: str, item: ItemDTO) -> None:
-        await self._ensure_conn()
+        await self.get_connection()
+        await self._upsert_now_conn(self._conn, type_value, item)
+        await self._conn.commit()
+
+    async def _upsert_now_conn(self, conn, type_value: str, item: ItemDTO) -> None:
+        """Helper to upsert using an existing connection."""
         sql = """
         INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data")
-        VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
-        ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE SET "type" = ?, "url" = ?, "data" = ?, created_at = ?
+        VALUES (:id, :type, :url, :data)
+        ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE SET "type" = :type2, "url" = :url2, "data" = :data2, created_at = :created_at
         """
         encoded = item.json()
-        await self._conn.execute(
-            sql.strip(),
-            (
-                item._id,
-                type_value,
-                item.url,
-                encoded,
-                type_value,
-                item.url,
-                encoded,
-                datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
-            ),
+        await conn.execute(
+            text(sql.strip()),
+            {
+                "id": item._id,
+                "type": type_value,
+                "url": item.url,
+                "data": encoded,
+                "type2": type_value,
+                "url2": item.url,
+                "data2": encoded,
+                "created_at": datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            },
         )
 
-    async def _ensure_conn(self) -> None:
+    async def execute_raw(self, query: str, params: dict | tuple | None = None) -> None:
+        """Execute raw SQL query (for testing purposes)."""
+        await self.get_connection()
+        if isinstance(params, tuple):
+            # Convert positional params to dict for SQLAlchemy
+            # Assuming queries use ? placeholders, we need to count them
+            placeholders = query.count("?")
+            if placeholders != len(params):
+                msg = (
+                    f"Parameter count mismatch: query has {placeholders} placeholders but {len(params)} params provided"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            # Create numbered parameters
+            param_dict = {f"p{i}": params[i] for i in range(len(params))}
+            # Replace ? with :p0, :p1, etc.
+            for i in range(len(params)):
+                query = query.replace("?", f":p{i}", 1)
+            await self._conn.execute(text(query), param_dict)
+        elif isinstance(params, dict):
+            await self._conn.execute(text(query), params)
+        else:
+            await self._conn.execute(text(query))
+        await self._conn.commit()
+
+    async def fetch_raw(self, query: str, params: dict | tuple | None = None):
+        """Fetch results from raw SQL query (for testing purposes)."""
+        await self.get_connection()
+        if isinstance(params, tuple):
+            # Convert positional params to dict for SQLAlchemy
+            placeholders = query.count("?")
+            if placeholders != len(params):
+                msg = (
+                    f"Parameter count mismatch: query has {placeholders} placeholders but {len(params)} params provided"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            param_dict = {f"p{i}": params[i] for i in range(len(params))}
+            for i in range(len(params)):
+                query = query.replace("?", f":p{i}", 1)
+            result = await self._conn.execute(text(query), param_dict)
+        elif isinstance(params, dict):
+            result = await self._conn.execute(text(query), params)
+        else:
+            result = await self._conn.execute(text(query))
+        return result.mappings().all()
+
+    async def get_connection(self) -> AsyncConnection:
         if self._conn:
-            return
+            return self._conn
 
         if not self._db_path:
             msg = "No database path specified for SqliteStore."
@@ -446,21 +544,31 @@ class SqliteStore(metaclass=ThreadSafe):
         from app.library import migrate
         from app.main import ROOT_PATH
 
-        if not self._db_path.startswith(":memory"):
+        if self._db_path.startswith(":memory"):
+            db_url: str = "sqlite+aiosqlite:///file::memory:?cache=shared&uri=true"
+        else:
             os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(self._db_path) or ".", exist_ok=True)
+            db_url: str = f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{self._db_path}"
 
-        self._conn = await aiosqlite.connect(database=self._db_path, isolation_level=None)
-        self._conn.row_factory = aiosqlite.Row
-        version = await migrate.get_version(self._conn)
-        if version:
+        self._engine = create_async_engine(
+            db_url,
+            echo=False,
+            connect_args={"check_same_thread": False, "uri": self._db_path.startswith(":memory")},
+        )
+        self._conn: AsyncConnection = await self._engine.connect()
+
+        if version := await migrate.get_version(self._conn):
             LOG.debug(f"DB Version: '{version}'.")
 
         await migrate.upgrade(self._conn, ROOT_PATH / "migrations")
         if not version:
-            version = await migrate.get_version(self._conn)
-            LOG.debug(f"DB Version after initial migration: '{version}'.")
+            LOG.debug(f"DB Version after initial migration: '{await migrate.get_version(self._conn)}'.")
 
-        await self._conn.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode=wal")
-        await self._conn.execute("PRAGMA busy_timeout=5000")
-        await self._conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        await self._conn.execute(text("PRAGMA journal_mode=wal"))
+        await self._conn.execute(text("PRAGMA busy_timeout=5000"))
+        await self._conn.execute(text("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON"))
         await self._conn.commit()
+
+        self._sessionmaker = async_sessionmaker(bind=self._engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False)
+
+        return self._conn

app/migrations/20231115152938_initial.py

@@ -5,28 +5,25 @@ Migration Name: initial
 Migration Version: 20231115152938
 """
 
+from sqlalchemy import text
+
 
 async def upgrade(c):
-    sql = """
-    CREATE TABLE "history" (
-        "id" TEXT PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE NOT NULL,
-        "type" TEXT NOT NULL,
-        "url" TEXT NOT NULL,
-        "data" JSON NOT NULL,
-        "created_at" TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
-    );
-    """
-    await c.execute(sql)
-
-    sql = """
-    CREATE INDEX "history_type" ON "history" ("type");
-    """
-    await c.execute(sql)
-
-    sql = """
-    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "history_url" ON "history" ("url");
-    """
-    await c.execute(sql)
+    sql: list[str] = [
+        """
+        CREATE TABLE "history" (
+            "id" TEXT PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE NOT NULL,
+            "type" TEXT NOT NULL,
+            "url" TEXT NOT NULL,
+            "data" JSON NOT NULL,
+            "created_at" TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+        );
+        """,
+        'CREATE INDEX "history_type" ON "history" ("type");',
+        'CREATE UNIQUE INDEX "history_url" ON "history" ("url");',
+    ]
+    for sql_stmt in sql:
+        await c.execute(text(sql_stmt))
 
     await c.commit()
 
@@ -36,4 +33,4 @@ async def downgrade(c):
     DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "history";
     """
 
-    await c.execute(sql)
+    await c.execute(text(sql))

app/migrations/20251116173731_add_status_index.py

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ Migration Name: add_status_index
 Migration Version: 20251116173731
 """
 
+from sqlalchemy import text
 
-async def upgrade(connection):
+
+async def upgrade(c):
     """
     Add index on json_extract(data, '$.status') for better query performance.
 
@@ -16,14 +18,14 @@ async def upgrade(connection):
     sql = """
     CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS "history_status" ON "history" (json_extract("data", '$.status'));
     """
-    await connection.execute(sql)
+    await c.execute(text(sql))
 
 
-async def downgrade(connection):
+async def downgrade(c):
     """
     Remove the status index.
     """
     sql = """
     DROP INDEX IF EXISTS "history_status";
     """
-    await connection.execute(sql)
+    await c.execute(text(sql))

app/scripts/create_migration.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Provides commands to create, list, and apply database migrations.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import asyncio
 import sys
 import traceback
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -40,32 +41,32 @@ def cmd_create(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
     o_print(f"created migration {path}")
 
 
-def cmd_version(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
-    version = migrate.get_version(args.database_path)
+async def cmd_version(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+    version = await migrate.get_version(args.database_path)
     if version:
         o_print(f"the db [{args.database_path}] is at version {version}")
     else:
         o_print(f"the db [{args.database_path}] is not under version control")
 
 
-def cmd_upgrade(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+async def cmd_upgrade(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
     if args.version:
         o_print(f"upgrading db [{args.database_path}] to version [{args.version}]")
     else:
         o_print(f"upgrading db [{args.database_path}] to most recent version")
 
-    migrate.upgrade(args.database_path, args.migration_dir, args.version)
+    await migrate.upgrade(args.database_path, args.migration_dir, args.version)
 
-    new_version = migrate.get_version(args.database_path)
+    new_version = await migrate.get_version(args.database_path)
     if args.version is not None:
         assert new_version == args.version
 
     o_print(f"upgraded [{args.database_path}] successfully to version [{new_version}]")
 
 
-def cmd_downgrade(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+async def cmd_downgrade(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
     o_print(f"downgrading db [{args.database_path}] to version [{args.version}]")
-    migrate.downgrade(args.database_path, args.migration_dir, args.version)
+    await migrate.downgrade(args.database_path, args.migration_dir, args.version)
     o_print(f"downgraded [{args.database_path}] successfully to version [{args.version}]")
 
 
@@ -122,7 +123,11 @@ def run(argv: list[str]) -> int:
 
     try:
         func: Callable[[argparse.Namespace], None] = args.func
-        func(args)
+        # Check if function is async
+        if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            asyncio.run(func(args))
+        else:
+            func(args)
         return 0
 
     except migrate.InvalidMigrationError:

app/scripts/seed_db.py

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import asyncio
 import logging
 import re
-import sqlite3
 import sys
 import time
 import uuid
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ from itertools import cycle, islice
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncConnection, create_async_engine
+
 APP_ROOT = str((Path(__file__).parent / ".." / "..").resolve())
 if APP_ROOT not in sys.path:
     sys.path.insert(0, APP_ROOT)
@@ -65,11 +68,13 @@ def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
     return parser.parse_args()
 
 
-def connect_db(db_file: str) -> sqlite3.Connection:
-    conn = sqlite3.connect(database=db_file, isolation_level=None)
-    conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
-    conn.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode=wal")
-    return conn
+async def connect_db(db_file: str) -> AsyncConnection:
+    """Create async SQLAlchemy connection."""
+    engine = create_async_engine(f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{db_file}")
+    conn = await engine.connect()
+    await conn.execute(text("PRAGMA journal_mode=wal"))
+    await conn.commit()
+    return conn, engine
 
 
 def find_files(root: Path, extension: str) -> list[Path]:
@@ -187,14 +192,15 @@ def generate_rows(
         yield _build_row(path, root, idx, status, preset, store)
 
 
-def insert_batches(
-    conn: sqlite3.Connection,
+async def insert_batches(
+    conn: AsyncConnection,
     rows: Iterable[tuple[str, str, str, str, str]],
     batch_size: int,
 ) -> int:
+    """Insert rows in batches using SQLAlchemy."""
     sql = """
     INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at")
-    VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+    VALUES (:p0, :p1, :p2, :p3, :p4)
     ON CONFLICT("id") DO UPDATE SET
         "type" = excluded.type,
         "url" = excluded.url,
@@ -207,19 +213,24 @@ def insert_batches(
     for row in rows:
         batch.append(row)
         if len(batch) >= batch_size:
-            conn.executemany(sql, batch)
+            # Convert tuples to dicts for SQLAlchemy
+            params = [{"p0": r[0], "p1": r[1], "p2": r[2], "p3": r[3], "p4": r[4]} for r in batch]
+            await conn.execute(text(sql), params)
+            await conn.commit()
             total_written += len(batch)
             LOG.info("Inserted %d rows...", total_written)
             batch.clear()
 
     if batch:
-        conn.executemany(sql, batch)
+        params = [{"p0": r[0], "p1": r[1], "p2": r[2], "p3": r[3], "p4": r[4]} for r in batch]
+        await conn.execute(text(sql), params)
+        await conn.commit()
         total_written += len(batch)
 
     return total_written
 
 
-def main() -> None:
+async def main() -> None:
     args = parse_args()
     logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format="%(asctime)s [%(levelname)s] %(message)s")
 
@@ -234,14 +245,15 @@ def main() -> None:
         return
 
     rows = generate_rows(files, args.root, args.count, args.status, args.preset, store)
-    conn = connect_db(args.db_file)
+    conn, engine = await connect_db(args.db_file)
     try:
-        written = insert_batches(conn, rows, args.batch)
+        written = await insert_batches(conn, rows, args.batch)
     finally:
-        conn.close()
+        await conn.close()
+        await engine.dispose()
 
     LOG.info("Done. Inserted %d rows into '%s'.", written, store.value)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
+    asyncio.run(main())

app/tests/test_datastore.py

@@ -13,11 +13,25 @@ from app.library.operations import Operation
 from app.library.sqlite_store import SqliteStore
 
 
+async def reset_sqlite_store() -> None:
+    """Close and reset SqliteStore singleton for testing."""
+    if SqliteStore in SqliteStore._instances:
+        instance = SqliteStore._instances[SqliteStore]
+        # Only close if there's an active connection to avoid event loop issues
+        if instance._conn is not None:
+            try:
+                await instance.close()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # Event loop issues - just reset without closing
+                pass
+    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+
+
 async def make_db(data: int = 0) -> SqliteStore:
     """Create a temporary database with test data."""
-    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+    await reset_sqlite_store()
     ins = SqliteStore.get_instance(db_path=":memory:")
-    await ins._ensure_conn()
+    await ins.get_connection()
 
     base_time = datetime.now(UTC)
     for i in range(data):
@@ -33,7 +47,7 @@ async def make_db(data: int = 0) -> SqliteStore:
             "status": "finished",
         }
 
-        await ins._conn.execute(
+        await ins.execute_raw(
             'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
             (
                 f"test-id-{i}",
@@ -43,8 +57,6 @@ async def make_db(data: int = 0) -> SqliteStore:
                 created_at,
             ),
         )
-    if data > 0:
-        await ins._conn.commit()
 
     return ins
 
@@ -91,11 +103,10 @@ class TestDataStore:
         data = asdict(dto)
         data.pop("_id", None)
         created = datetime(2024, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, tzinfo=UTC)
-        await db._conn.execute(
+        await db.execute_raw(
             "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
             ("abc", "queue", "http://x", json.dumps(data), created.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")),
         )
-        await db._conn.commit()
 
         items = await store.saved_items()
         assert len(items) == 1
@@ -119,21 +130,20 @@ class TestDataStore:
         assert ret is store._dict[item._id]
 
         # Verify row written; JSON should not contain datetime field
-        cur = await db._conn.execute("SELECT * FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
-        row = await cur.fetchone()
-        assert row is not None
-        assert row["type"] == "queue"
-        assert row["url"] == item.url
-        assert '"datetime"' not in row["data"]
-        assert row["id"] == item._id
+        rows = await db.fetch_raw("SELECT * FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
+        assert len(rows) == 1, "Should find one row"
+        row = rows[0]
+        assert row["type"] == "queue", "Type should be queue"
+        assert row["url"] == item.url, "URL should match"
+        assert '"datetime"' not in row["data"], "JSON should not contain datetime field"
+        assert row["id"] == item._id, "ID should match"
 
         # Delete and ensure removal
         await store.delete(item._id)
         await asyncio.sleep(0)
         await db.flush()
-        cur2 = await db._conn.execute("SELECT * FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
-        row2 = await cur2.fetchone()
-        assert row2 is None
+        rows2 = await db.fetch_raw("SELECT * FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
+        assert len(rows2) == 0, "Row should be deleted"
         await db.close()
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -368,7 +378,6 @@ class TestDataStore:
     async def test_load(self) -> None:
         """Test loading items from database into memory."""
         db = await make_db()
-        conn = db._conn
 
         # Insert items directly into database
         item1_data = asdict(make_item(id="vid1", url="http://example.com/1", title="Video 1"))
@@ -377,7 +386,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
         item2_data.pop("_id", None)
 
         created = datetime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC)
-        await conn.execute(
+        await db.execute_raw(
             "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
             (
                 "id1",
@@ -387,7 +396,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
                 created.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
             ),
         )
-        await conn.execute(
+        await db.execute_raw(
             "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
             (
                 "id2",
@@ -397,7 +406,6 @@ class TestDataStore:
                 created.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
             ),
         )
-        await conn.commit()
 
         store = DataStore(StoreType.QUEUE, db)
         assert len(store._dict) == 0
@@ -414,7 +422,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
     async def test_load_with_different_store_types(self) -> None:
         """Test that load only loads items matching the store type."""
         db = await make_db()
-        conn = db._conn
+        # conn = db._conn  # No longer needed
 
         # Insert items with different types
         item1_data = asdict(make_item(id="vid1", url="http://example.com/1"))
@@ -423,7 +431,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
         item2_data.pop("_id", None)
 
         created = datetime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, tzinfo=UTC)
-        await conn.execute(
+        await db.execute_raw(
             "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
             (
                 "id1",
@@ -433,7 +441,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
                 created.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
             ),
         )
-        await conn.execute(
+        await db.execute_raw(
             "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
             (
                 "id2",
@@ -443,7 +451,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
                 created.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
             ),
         )
-        await conn.commit()
+        # await conn.commit()  # Auto-committed
 
         # Load QUEUE store - should only get queue items
         queue_store = DataStore(StoreType.QUEUE, db)
@@ -541,18 +549,18 @@ class TestDataStore:
         """Test get_total_count with items in database."""
         store = await make_store_async(StoreType.QUEUE)
         db = store._connection
-        conn = db._conn
+        # conn = db._conn  # No longer needed
 
         # Add items directly to database
         created = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
         for i in range(5):
             item_data = asdict(make_item(id=f"vid{i}"))
             item_data.pop("_id", None)
-            await conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
                 (f"id{i}", str(StoreType.QUEUE), f"http://example.com/{i}", json.dumps(item_data), created),
             )
-        await conn.commit()
+        # await conn.commit()  # Auto-committed
 
         count = await store.get_total_count()
         assert count == 5
@@ -562,7 +570,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
     async def test_get_total_count_respects_store_type(self) -> None:
         """Test that get_total_count only counts items of the correct type."""
         db = await make_db()
-        conn = db._conn
+        # conn = db._conn  # No longer needed
 
         created = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
 
@@ -570,7 +578,7 @@ class TestDataStore:
         for i in range(3):
             item_data = asdict(make_item(id=f"vid{i}"))
             item_data.pop("_id", None)
-            await conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
                 (f"q{i}", str(StoreType.QUEUE), f"http://example.com/queue/{i}", json.dumps(item_data), created),
             )
@@ -579,11 +587,11 @@ class TestDataStore:
         for i in range(2):
             item_data = asdict(make_item(id=f"vid{i}"))
             item_data.pop("_id", None)
-            await conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 "INSERT INTO history (id, type, url, data, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
                 (f"h{i}", str(StoreType.HISTORY), f"http://example.com/history/{i}", json.dumps(item_data), created),
             )
-        await conn.commit()
+        # await conn.commit()  # Auto-committed
 
         queue_store = DataStore(StoreType.QUEUE, db)
         assert await queue_store.get_total_count() == 3
@@ -641,9 +649,8 @@ class TestDataStore:
 
         # Verify nothing was deleted from database
         await store._connection.flush()
-        cursor = await db._conn.execute("SELECT * FROM history WHERE id=?", ("nonexistent_id",))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
-        assert row is None
+        rows = await db.fetch_raw("SELECT * FROM history WHERE id=?", ("nonexistent_id",))
+        assert len(rows) == 0, "Should find no rows"
         await db.close()
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -720,10 +727,9 @@ class TestDataStore:
         await store._connection.flush()
 
         # Verify datetime field is not in stored JSON
-        cursor = await db._conn.execute("SELECT data FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
-        assert row is not None
-        data = json.loads(row["data"])
+        rows = await db.fetch_raw("SELECT data FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
+        assert len(rows) == 1, "Should find one row"
+        data = json.loads(rows[0]["data"])
         assert "datetime" not in data
         await db.close()
 
@@ -742,10 +748,9 @@ class TestDataStore:
         await store._connection.flush()
 
         # Verify live_in field is not in stored JSON when status is finished
-        cursor = await conn._conn.execute("SELECT data FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
-        assert row is not None
-        data = json.loads(row["data"])
+        rows = await conn.fetch_raw("SELECT data FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
+        assert len(rows) == 1, "Should find one row"
+        data = json.loads(rows[0]["data"])
         assert "live_in" not in data
         await store._connection.close()
 
@@ -764,10 +769,9 @@ class TestDataStore:
         await store._connection.flush()
 
         # Verify live_in field IS in stored JSON when status is not finished
-        cursor = await conn._conn.execute("SELECT data FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
-        row = await cursor.fetchone()
-        assert row is not None
-        data = json.loads(row["data"])
+        rows = await conn.fetch_raw("SELECT data FROM history WHERE id=?", (item._id,))
+        assert len(rows) == 1, "Should find one row"
+        data = json.loads(rows[0]["data"])
         assert "live_in" in data
         assert data["live_in"] == "PT5M"
         await store._connection.close()

app/tests/test_datastore_pagination.py

@@ -10,11 +10,25 @@ from app.library.ItemDTO import ItemDTO
 from app.library.sqlite_store import SqliteStore
 
 
+async def reset_sqlite_store() -> None:
+    """Close and reset SqliteStore singleton for testing."""
+    if SqliteStore in SqliteStore._instances:
+        instance = SqliteStore._instances[SqliteStore]
+        # Only close if there's an active connection to avoid event loop issues
+        if instance._conn is not None:
+            try:
+                await instance.close()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # Event loop issues - just reset without closing
+                pass
+    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+
+
 async def make_db(data: int = 100) -> SqliteStore:
     """Create a temporary database with test data."""
-    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+    await reset_sqlite_store()
     ins = SqliteStore.get_instance(db_path=":memory:")
-    await ins._ensure_conn()
+    await ins.get_connection()
 
     base_time = datetime.now(UTC)
     for i in range(data):
@@ -30,7 +44,7 @@ async def make_db(data: int = 100) -> SqliteStore:
             "status": "finished",
         }
 
-        await ins._conn.execute(
+        await ins.execute_raw(
             'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
             (
                 f"test-id-{i}",
@@ -40,8 +54,6 @@ async def make_db(data: int = 100) -> SqliteStore:
                 created_at,
             ),
         )
-    if data > 0:
-        await ins._conn.commit()
 
     return ins
 
@@ -226,7 +238,7 @@ class TestDataStorePagination:
 
         db = await make_db(data=100)
         try:
-            await db._conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
                 (
                     "pending-id",
@@ -236,7 +248,7 @@ class TestDataStorePagination:
                     datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
                 ),
             )
-            await db._conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
                 (
                     "downloading-id",
@@ -246,7 +258,6 @@ class TestDataStorePagination:
                     datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
                 ),
             )
-            await db._conn.commit()
             datastore = DataStore(type=StoreType.HISTORY, connection=db)
 
             # Filter for finished items only
@@ -287,7 +298,7 @@ class TestDataStorePagination:
         }
         db = await make_db(data=0)
         try:
-            await db._conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
                 (
                     "pending-id-2",
@@ -297,7 +308,7 @@ class TestDataStorePagination:
                     datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
                 ),
             )
-            await db._conn.execute(
+            await db.execute_raw(
                 'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
                 (
                     "error-id",
@@ -307,7 +318,6 @@ class TestDataStorePagination:
                     datetime.now(UTC).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
                 ),
             )
-            await db._conn.commit()
 
             datastore = DataStore(type=StoreType.HISTORY, connection=db)
 

app/tests/test_sqlite_store.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from datetime import UTC, datetime, timedelta
 
 import pytest
+from sqlalchemy import text
 
 from app.library.ItemDTO import ItemDTO
 from app.library.operations import Operation
@@ -11,8 +12,8 @@ async def make_store() -> SqliteStore:
     """Create an isolated in-memory SqliteStore instance with schema."""
     SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
     store = SqliteStore.get_instance(db_path=":memory:")
-    await store._ensure_conn()
-    assert store._conn is not None
+    await store.get_connection()
+    assert store._engine is not None, "Engine should be initialized after _ensure_conn"
     return store
 
 
@@ -26,6 +27,53 @@ def make_item(idx: int, *, status: str = "finished") -> ItemDTO:
     )
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sessionmaker_returns_valid_sessionmaker() -> None:
+    """Test that sessionmaker() returns a working async_sessionmaker."""
+    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+    store = SqliteStore.get_instance(db_path=":memory:")
+
+    # Ensure connection is initialized
+    await store.get_connection()
+
+    # Get sessionmaker
+    sessionmaker = store.sessionmaker()
+    assert sessionmaker is not None, "Sessionmaker should not be None after connection initialization"
+
+    # Verify we can create a session
+    async with sessionmaker() as session:
+        assert session is not None, "Session should be created successfully"
+
+    await store.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sessionmaker_raises_before_init() -> None:
+    """Test that sessionmaker() raises error before connection initialization."""
+    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+    store = SqliteStore.get_instance(db_path=":memory:")
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Database connection not initialized"):
+        store.sessionmaker()
+
+    await store.close()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sqlalchemy_engine_disposed_on_close() -> None:
+    """Test that SQLAlchemy engine is properly disposed on close."""
+    SqliteStore._reset_singleton()
+    store = SqliteStore.get_instance(db_path=":memory:")
+
+    await store.get_connection()
+    assert store._engine is not None, "Engine should be created"
+    assert store._sessionmaker is not None, "Sessionmaker should be created"
+
+    await store.close()
+    assert store._engine is None, "Engine should be None after close"
+    assert store._sessionmaker is None, "Sessionmaker should be None after close"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_enqueue_upsert_and_fetch_saved():
     store = await make_store()
@@ -87,8 +135,10 @@ async def test_paginate_order_and_bounds():
         created_at = (base + timedelta(minutes=i)).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
         _list.append(itm)
         await store._conn.execute(
-            'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
-            (itm._id, "history", itm.url, encoded, created_at),
+            text(
+                'INSERT INTO "history" ("id", "type", "url", "data", "created_at") VALUES (:id, :type, :url, :data, :created_at)'
+            ),
+            {"id": itm._id, "type": "history", "url": itm.url, "data": encoded, "created_at": created_at},
         )
     await store._conn.commit()
 
@@ -224,6 +274,7 @@ async def test_on_shutdown_closes_connection():
 
     await store.on_shutdown(None)
     assert store._conn is None
+    # Note: on_shutdown already closes the connection, so no need to call close() again
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio

pyproject.toml

@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ dependencies = [
   "jmespath>=1.0.1",
   "jsonschema>=4.23.0",
   "aiosqlite>=0.22.0",
+  "sqlalchemy>=2.0.45",
+  "pydantic>=2.12.5",
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff]

uv.lock

@@ -123,6 +123,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a9/ba/000a1996d4308bc65120167c21241a3b205464a2e0b58deda26ae8ac21d1/altgraph-0.17.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f3a22400bce1b0c701683820ac4f3b159cd301acab067c51c653e06961600597", size = 21228 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "annotated-types"
+version = "0.7.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ee/67/531ea369ba64dcff5ec9c3402f9f51bf748cec26dde048a2f973a4eea7f5/annotated_types-0.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:aff07c09a53a08bc8cfccb9c85b05f1aa9a2a6f23728d790723543408344ce89", size = 16081 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/78/b6/6307fbef88d9b5ee7421e68d78a9f162e0da4900bc5f5793f6d3d0e34fb8/annotated_types-0.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:1f02e8b43a8fbbc3f3e0d4f0f4bfc8131bcb4eebe8849b8e5c773f3a1c582a53", size = 13643 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anyio"
 version = "4.12.1"
@@ -513,6 +522,37 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/9a/e35b4a917281c0b8419d4207f4334c8e8c5dbf4f3f5f9ada73958d937dcc/frozenlist-1.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0c18a16eab41e82c295618a77502e17b195883241c563b00f0aa5106fc4eaa0d", size = 13409 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "greenlet"
+version = "3.3.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/e5/40dbda2736893e3e53d25838e0f19a2b417dfc122b9989c91918db30b5d3/greenlet-3.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a82bb225a4e9e4d653dd2fb7b8b2d36e4fb25bc0165422a11e48b88e9e6f78fb", size = 190651 }
+wheels = [
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+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c2/ff/7c985128f0514271b8268476af89aee6866df5eec04ac17dcfbc676213df/greenlet-3.3.0-cp313-cp313-manylinux_2_24_ppc64le.manylinux_2_28_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:7d2d9fd66bfadf230b385fdc90426fcd6eb64db54b40c495b72ac0feb5766c54", size = 610211 },
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@@ -1868,6 +2017,7 @@ dependencies = [
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     { name = "platformdirs" },
     { name = "pycryptodome" },
+    { name = "pydantic" },
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@@ -1876,6 +2026,7 @@ dependencies = [
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     { name = "regex" },
     { name = "selenium" },
+    { name = "sqlalchemy" },
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